Shocking science: What causes static electricity?

To put it simply, static electricity is the small buildup of electrical charge on the surface of an object. It occurs when materials rub against each other and the friction often comes with a transfer of electrons, leading to an imbalance of charges. But let’s read a little more into it.

How it happens

We are all made of atoms, and so are a lot of the things around us. And in turn, atoms are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Rubbing any two objects together (like socks on a carpet, or a balloon on your hair) causes electrons to move from one surface to the other. In this manner, one object becomes positively charged, while the other, negatively charged.

Now, the secret behind the shock? Well, the human body conducts electricity just as well as metal does, and when a charged object comes in contact, the charge suddenly shifts to the other object to balance itself. This quick movement creates a tiny spark. We can see a lot of examples of this in our daily lives — from clothes clinging to each other during friction, to sparks when touching a doorknob after walking on a carpet.

A necessary nuisance

Static electricity isn’t so much a pain in the neck — that is once you hear how useful it can be. Without it, we can’t get our photocopiers or printers to work. Static charge attracts toner (powdered ink) or ink to create images and documents.

Air filters and dust removers also rely on static electricity. The dust particles are given an electric charge and then attracted to surfaces with an opposing charge, effectively trapping them.

And yes, the textile industry also needs static electricity. It can help fibres stick to each other during spinning, improve the efficiency of weaving operations, and enhance the application of finishing chemicals to fabrics.

Of course, when you do need to avoid it, here are some things you need to do. Wear more natural fibres like cotton. Keep your skin hydrated with moisturiser. This will prevent any friction. You can also go for fabric softeners on your clothes.

Static electricity may feel like a tiny shock, or a cute magic trick. But it’s just science in action. The next time you feel a spark on touching a doorknob, know that even the smallest particles can do something really powerful.