Prisoners burn furniture and other items outside the Dilli Bazaar jail as they try to break out, following protests after anti-corruption protests triggered by a social media ban, which was later lifted, in Kathmandu.
| Photo Credit: Reuters

Youths celebrate after capturing Nepal’s Singha Durbar, which housed the office of the former PM Oli, amid raging Gen Z protests against corruption and the social media crackdown. File
| Photo Credit: Getty Images

A demonstrator holding a placard that reads “This is not your father’s country – Incompetent, corrupted Oli’s government” sits in front of a burned vehicle during the protest against anti-corruption triggered by a social media ban, in Kathmandu, Nepal. File.
| Photo Credit: Reuters

It’s festive season in Nepal. While primarily a Hindu festival, Dashain is widely observed by all Nepalis, as the long holiday offers a welcome break from work. It’s also a time for family reunions and merrymaking.

But this time, a sense of unease seems to hang in the autumn air.

Two days of youth-led protests earlier this month, on September 8 and 9, changed the face of politics and the sociopolitical structure of Nepal. Over 70 people were killed. As the second day of protests turned violent, state institutions were attacked and burned down, and politicians’ houses were torched.

An interim government has been in place since September 12, but many analysts are wary of its capacity to deliver.

Krishna Mulmi, a shopkeeper, makes it a point to ask almost all of his customers, who come from diverse backgrounds, how things will unfold in the coming days.

“Different people say different things, but none has said anything that inspires hope,” said Mr. Mulmi. “My shop may continue to operate, but that’s not the point. The issue is what is going to happen in this country.”

At a crossroads

The interim government is led by Sushila Karki, a 73-year-old firebrand former Chief Justice. She has inducted seven Ministers so far. The government has been mandated to hold elections on March 5, while carrying out day-to-day administrative operations, investigating the killings of 19 young protesters on September 8, and launching a criminal probe into the arson and attacks the next day.

Observers say there seems to be a kind of inertia in the Cabinet in its initial days.

C.K. Lal, a writer and analyst, says there is a complete loss of faith. “There are already doubts if this government will sustain. If it sustains, whether it can hold the elections,” Mr. Lal told The Hindu. “And even if elections happen, what kind of elections will that be, as political parties still appear to be non-committal.”

Nepal has been a democracy since 1990, after the king-ruled non-party Panchayat regime of 30 years was dismantled by the people’s protests, termed the First Jana Andolan. The Second Jana Andolan of 2005–06 bade farewell to the centuries-old monarchy. The 2015 Constitution formalised Nepal as a secular federal republic.

Yet, democracy continues to flounder in the Himalayan nation, wedged between India and China — the world’s two largest economies, one a democracy and the other a one-party regime.

The arson and attack on September 9 didn’t spare private businesses, with the government yet to launch an assessment of the losses. Economists, in informal conversations, say it may take weeks, if not months, to get a figure, but hazard a guess that the losses could be in the tens of billions.

“There’s uncertainty, and it’s fuelling unease,” said Mr. Lal. “We are in a situation where we know something did happen, but no one knows how it actually happened.”

Nepal’s youth-led protests were sparked by the erstwhile K.P. Sharma Oli government’s move to impose a sweeping ban on more than two dozen social media sites, including Facebook, X, and Instagram. The government claimed that these companies refused to comply with Nepal’s call to register themselves.

The protests, whose campaigners identified themselves as Gen Z, were, however, organised to demand an end to corruption and misgovernance. Gen Z campaigners last week told The Hindu they wanted peaceful protests but things got out of control quickly.

As days passed, several Gen Z groups have emerged, and there seems to be a glaring lack of coherence in their demands. This is likely to put the Karki government in an additional bind, say analysts.

“The government appears to be operating in a vacuum. While youth demands need to be identified and sorted, political parties have to be taken into confidence,” says Rajendra Dahal, a journalist and commentator. “How can elections happen if the actual players — the political parties — do not participate?”

Traditional political parties like the Nepali Congress, Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), and CPN (Maoist Centre) are on the back foot. These three parties have been in power for decades, and all of them are largely perceived as corrupt. Chiefs of all these parties are over 70-year-old men. Calls for reforms and leadership change have been pushed back.

After being shaken by the recent protests, the debate for party reforms has begun, but it has yet to gain traction, also due to the festival holidays.

Will she, won’t she?

Political party leaders have gradually started to speak up. They have already objected to the dissolution of the House of Representatives by the Karki government.

Analysts say the interim administration must not forget that its main mandate is holding elections and handing over power to the elected government.

On Thursday, Prime Minister Karki called on all, including political parties, to enthusiastically participate in the elections. “I would like to urge political parties to take part in the elections and amend the Constitution constitutionally,” she said in her first address to the nation since becoming the Prime Minister two weeks ago.

“The interim government, solely formed to hold elections, has already started its work, and it will be committed to providing service delivery and minimising corruption.”

This is the first public call by the interim government to political parties to commit themselves to elections.

However, since the parties are on the defensive, analysts say a mechanism to launch constructive dialogue with them is a must.

According to Mr. Dahal, an interim government is not just an administrative unit, and since its main mandate is elections, it has to act politically.

“The Cabinet has to have at least one person who can hold dialogue with parties and their leaders so that confidence could be built for them to participate in elections,” he said. “But I am not seeing that happening, and that is a real cause for concern.”

While fear in the parties needs to be overcome, the electorate also needs to be assured of safety and security as the country heads towards elections.

Thousands of prisoners had fled from jails across the country during the two-day protests. According to officials at the Prison Management Department, more than 6,500 are still at large, while 7,300 prisoners and detainees have been recaptured.

“Inmates are on the loose, guns from security forces have been looted. And there is financial distress,” said Mr. Lal. “In such a situation, it’s natural for the general public to feel uneasy and uncertain.”

Largely an import-based country, Nepal’s economy has been in distress for decades. The unemployment rate is high among the youth, and remittance contributes to one-fourth of its GDP.

In the aftermath of the recent protests, whose demands were for the better, analysts say things suddenly appear to be upside down.

“It’s quite concerning that there is no faith in anyone,” said Mr. Lal. “There is no one to reassure the worried people.”

With 161 days to go for polls, Ms. Karki on Thursday did make a broader call for making the elections a success, but doubts remain among analysts and the public alike.

Mr. Mulmi, the shopkeeper wondered if elections will take place on time — and whether they would bring any real change for ordinary citizens.

A man carries a banner with pictures of the victims of the violence during recent anti-government protests during their funeral, in Kathmandu, Nepal, on September 16, 2025.
| Photo Credit: PTI

A former DJ and his obscure Nepalese non-profit used a social media app popular with video gamers to drive massive protests and become the unlikely power brokers in installing the country’s new interim leadership.

Sudan Gurung, the 36-year-old founder of Hami Nepal (We are Nepal), used the Discord messaging app and Instagram to mobilise massive demonstrations that forced Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli to resign, in the deadliest political crisis to hit the Himalayan nation in decades, a dozen people involved in the demonstrations said.

The group used VPNs to access banned platforms and issued calls to action that reached tens of thousands of young people, they added. Representatives for Mr. Oli could not be contacted for comment.

“I was invited to join a group on Discord where there were about 400 members. It asked us to join the protest march a few kilometres from the parliament,” 18-year-old student Karan Kulung Rai, who is not part of the group, told Reuters.

Hami Nepal’s early social media posts on Discord became so influential that they were referenced on national television.

As protests grew violent, the group also identified messages it termed “fake news” and shared hospital phone numbers.

Hami Nepal members, who asked not to be identified as they had used proxy names online for security reasons, said Mr. Gurung and the group’s other leaders have since become central to high-stakes decisions, including the appointment of the new interim leadership till elections are held on March 5. They have already convinced the country’s President and Army Chief to appoint former Chief Justice Sushila Karki, known for her tough stance against corruption, as Nepal’s first woman prime minister in an interim capacity, three members of the group said.

“I will make sure that the power lies with the people and bring every corrupt politician to justice,” Mr. Gurung said in his first press conference since the protest on Thursday (September 11, 2025). On Sunday (September 14, 2025), Mr. Gurung and his team were in meetings to decide key cabinet positions and were proposing that some government officials appointed by the previous administration be removed, members of Hami Nepal said.

“Meetings are ongoing between Karki and members of the group. We will finalise the cabinet soon,” one of the members said. Mr. Gurung and Karki did not immediately respond to questions sent to their mobile phones.

The “process is being carefully carried out, so that it consists of skilled and capable youth,” Hami Nepal said on Instagram.

From DJ to Revolutionary

Monday’s (September 8, 2025) protest by young adults loosely categorised as a “Gen Z” movement, as most participants were in their 20s, turned deadly within hours and rapidly brought down the government. The protests were directed at perceived government corruption and took off following a ban on multiple social media platforms – a directive that was reversed. Protesters clashed with authorities on the streets, leaving at least 72 dead and over 1,300 injured.

Mr. Gurung, who is older than the Gen Z age bracket, and his team have vowed not to take up any cabinet positions but want to be part of the future decision-making.

“We don’t want to be politicians. Sudan Gurung was only helping the ‘Gen Z’ group, and we are only the voice of the nation and not interested in taking leadership positions,” said Ronesh Pradhan, a 26-year-old volunteer for the group. Mr. Gurung, who was a DJ before he founded Hami Nepal, organised civic relief when the worst earthquake in Nepal’s history killed over 9,000 people in 2015, and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Team members running the Instagram account, whose followers have swelled to over 160,000, and Discord posts alongside Mr. Gurung include 24-year-old cafe owner Ojaswi Raj Thapa and law graduate Rehan Raj Dangal.

Thapa, who quickly emerged as a vocal protest movement leader, told Reuters in an interview that the judiciary was not independent and ensuring its freedom was a key priority once the interim government was put in place.

“We may need some changes to the constitution, but we don’t want to dissolve the constitution,” he said on Thursday (September 11, 2025).

Published – September 15, 2025 08:15 am IST

Nepal’s new leader vowed on Sunday (September 14, 2025) to follow protesters’ demands to “end corruption” as she began work as interim Prime Minister, after “Gen Z” youth demonstrations ousted her predecessor.

Sushila Karki, the 73-year-old former Chief Justice, has been tasked with restoring order and addressing protesters’ demands for a corruption-free future ahead of elections in six months.

Protests began on Monday (September 8, 2025) sparked by a ban on social media and quickly escalated, with Parliament and key government buildings set ablaze, as they fed into long-standing economic woes in Nepal.

“We have to work according to the thinking of the Gen Z generation,” said Ms. Karki, in her first public comments since taking office on Friday.

A fifth of people in Nepal aged 15-24 are unemployed, according to the World Bank, with GDP per capita standing at just $1,447.

“What this group is demanding is end of corruption, good governance and economic equality,” she added. “You and I have to be determined to fulfil that.”

‘From the streets’

Ms. Karki held a minute’s silence on Sunday (September 14, 2025) for those killed in the unrest, before meetings began in the key government complex of Singha Durbar — where several buildings were set on fire during mass protests on Tuesday.

At least 72 people were killed in two days of protests, and 191 injured, the government’s Chief Secretary Eaknarayan Aryal said on Sunday (September 14, 2025), increasing an earlier toll of 51.

It was the worst unrest since the end of a decade-long civil war and the abolition of the monarchy in 2008.

The appointment of Ms. Karki, known for her independence, came after intense negotiations by Army chief General Ashok Raj Sigdel and President Ram Chandra Paudel, including with representatives of “Gen Z”, the loose umbrella title of the youth protest movement.

Thousands of young activists had used the Discord app to name Ms. Karki as their choice of leader.

“The situation that I have come in, I have not wished to come here. My name was brought from the streets,” Ms. Karki said.

The Parliament has been dissolved and elections set for March 5, 2026.

“We will not stay here more than six months in any situation, we will complete our responsibilities and pledge to hand over to the next Parliament and Ministers,” she added, in a speech to the nation.

‘Challenging times’

Workers put up a new signboard for the Prime Minister’s office in a building within the complex but which was not torched.

Mr. Paudel, who swore Ms. Karki into office, said late on Saturday (September 13, 2025) that “a peaceful solution has been found through a difficult process”.

Mr. Paudel called it a “very difficult, complicated, and grave situation”.

“I sincerely appeal to everyone to make the most of this opportunity… in making the election on March 5 a success,” he said.

Soldiers have scaled back their presence on the streets, where they had been deployed in large numbers after the protests.

But more than 12,500 prisoners who escaped from jails during the chaos are on the run, and present a daunting security headache.

Regional leaders have congratulated Ms. Karki, including Nepal’s two giant neighbours, India and China.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi said New Delhi supported “peace, progress and prosperity” in Nepal, while Beijing’s Foreign Ministry said it wanted to “push China-Nepal relations steadily forward”.

Published – September 14, 2025 01:39 pm IST

Nepal’s former Chief Justice Sushila Karki is the leading choice to be interim leader, a representative of the “Gen Z” protesters said
| Photo Credit: Reuters

The Ministry of External Affairs said in an advisory that the pilgrims should take “necessary care and precautions” and follow advisories from local authorities as well as the Embassy of India in Beijing. File
| Photo Credit: PTI