Afghan nationals travel with their belongings in a truck, as they head back to Afghanistan after Pakistan started to deport documented Afghan refugees, near the Torkham border crossing between Pakistan and Afghanistan, on September 1, 2025.
| Photo Credit: Reuters

Sitting in their modest shops and small rented rooms in Delhi, Afghan migrants spent a sleepless night on Sunday (August 31, 2025), holding onto their phones and waiting for the comforting sound of a familiar voice from back home as news of the earthquake that killed more than 800 people in eastern Afghanistan trickled in.

For many like Asim, a 20-year-old dry fruit seller in central Delhi, the silence on the other end has been unbearable, as his grandmother and extended family live in Jalalabad, one of the worst-hit areas.

“I came here with my uncle two years ago and have been working with him since. The last time I spoke to my parents was about two weeks ago. This morning, when I heard about the quake, I kept trying to call them, but the phone just didn’t go through. I can only pray my grandmother is safe,” he said, his voice breaking.

At least 812 people were killed and over 2,500 injured when the 6.0 magnitude quake struck towns in Kunar province, near Jalalabad in Nangarhar, flattening entire villages and leaving communication lines patchy, a spokesman for the Taliban government said.

The tragedy has left many Afghans here consumed with fear about the fate of their loved ones.

Farzan, 24, who works alongside Asim, said his family members also live in the affected neighbourhood. “I moved here three years ago with my elder brother. For the past few days, nobody has been answering the phone back home. I have been trying to call them, and I have made at least 100 calls by now,” he said.

“Due to this, we are not able to eat and do any work properly here,” he said.

For some, the tragedy has reopened old wounds. Nasir Khan, 35, who has been working at a Delhi restaurant for over a decade, said his grandparents and cousins are still in Kabul. “When such news comes, you realise how helpless it feels to be away. There is simply no way to know if they are safe. A similar incident took place a few years back when I lost one of my cousins,” he said.

Kareem, a waiter, said communication with home has always been uncertain, but after the quake, it feels like a painful void. “Most of us lose touch with family members once we leave the country and after last night’s incident, it hit harder because my uncle lives in that area. The only updates come from the news. We cannot reach them directly. We can only hope the situation improves,” said Kareem.

Even Afghans whose families were not in the quake zone were shaken.

Mohammed Waseem, a driver who came to Delhi from Kabul four years ago, said, “The place where I used to stay in Kabul is barely an hour’s drive from the epicentre. When something happens that close, you feel it deeply. It was shocking.”

For the Afghan community in Delhi, hope was the only thing to cling to as they prayed for their loved ones back home.

READ MORE

In what can be termed as unusual, a shallow focus (14 km depth) earthquake of 6.3 magnitude struck about 40 kms northwest of Herat in Afghanistan at around 11:00 am local time on October 7 (Saturday). The earthquake occurred as the result of thrust faulting near the far western terminus of the Hindu Kush Mountain range. Just 30 minutes after the first quake, Herat was struck by another shallow earthquake (about 13.5 km depth) of the same intensity — 6.3 magnitude. According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): “[The first] earthquake was followed by a second earthquake [with 6.3 magnitude] that occurred approximately 30 minutes later. Both earthquakes occurred on east-west striking fault planes that dip to either the north or south. The earthquakes occurred within the Eurasia plate in an intracontinental mountain belt”. There were about a half-a-dozen aftershocks following the earthquakes.

Four days later, on October 11 (Wednesday), Herat witnessed yet another shallow earthquake at around 5.10 am local time with the focus of the quake being just 9 km below the surface. It had the same intensity (6.3 magnitude) as the previous ones on October 7.

All three earthquakes have been thrust faults, otherwise known as reverse faults. Thrust faults form due to horizontal compressive stresses and so cause shortening of the crust. Here one block or wall (the hanging wall) moves up relative to the other (called the footwall).

These three quakes struck a little over a year after another shallow earthquake at 10 km depth struck near Khōst, Afghanistan on June 22, 2022 at around 1:25 am local time.

Cause of second quake

Earthquakes are generally followed by aftershocks of relatively lesser magnitude. Why was the second earthquake on October 7 that struck within 30 minutes called a fresh quake and not an aftershock? “To call a quake an aftershock, the magnitude has to be lesser than the magnitude of the main event [quake],” explains Dr. R. K. Chadha, former senior scientist at the Hyderabad-based National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) and currently a Raja Ramanna Fellow at NGRI. “A quake of 6.3 magnitude was followed by another of the same magnitude. This can happen when a fault at one place ruptures resulting in an earthquake that releases the stress. The release of stress in one fault results in the loading of stress at another fault. The loading of stress can result in another earthquake which can be of similar magnitude or even higher magnitude. But the magnitude will not be smaller than the first quake.”

In the case of the October 7 earthquakes, the two quakes occurred in the same fault. Generally, in Afghanistan, the fault can be very long and wide. “In subduction zones and in the Himalayas where there is interaction between two continental plates, the fault lengths can be very large and also very wide. That is the reason why an earthquake in the fault can trigger another in the same fault,” he says. The second earthquake occurred quite close to the first one (about 20 km distance) in the same fault.

“When I see the three earthquakes in two parallel faults, there could be an interplay of these faults,” he says. “All three earthquakes are quite close by, and if you see the locations of all the three quakes, there is a systematic migration pattern visible. In this case, there is a migration of quakes from west to east.”

Two faults

“In any thrust fault environment in a subduction zone, there will be a series of parallel thrust faults. In this case the faults are aligned in an east-west direction. The two faults on October 7 and the one on October 11 have been on two faults trending east-west,” Dr. Chadha adds. The precise location of the first quake epicentre on October 7 was 34.610 degree north and 61.924 degree east, while the October 11 earthquake was 34.557 degree north 62.045 degree east.

Earthquakes are quite common in Afghanistan due to active interactions between three tectonic plates — the Arabia, Eurasia, and India plates. According to the USGS, earthquakes in western and central Afghanistan are “primarily influenced by the northward movement of the Arabia plate relative to the Eurasia plate.”

According to USGS, beneath the Pamir-Hindu Kush Mountains of northern Afghanistan, earthquakes occur to depths as great as 200 km as a result of remnant lithospheric subduction. “Shallower crustal earthquakes in the Pamir-Hindu Mountains occur primarily along the Main Pamir Thrust and other active Quaternary faults, which accommodate much of the region’s crustal shortening. The western and eastern margins of the Main Pamir Thrust display a combination of thrust and strike-slip mechanisms,” notes USGS.

In what can be termed as unusual, a shallow focus (14 km depth) earthquake of 6.3 magnitude struck about 40 kms northwest of Herat in Afghanistan at around 11:00 am local time on October 7 (Saturday). The earthquake occurred as the result of thrust faulting near the far western terminus of the Hindu Kush Mountain range. Just 30 minutes after the first quake, Herat was struck by another shallow earthquake (about 13.5 km depth) of the same intensity — 6.3 magnitude. According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): “[The first] earthquake was followed by a second earthquake [with 6.3 magnitude] that occurred approximately 30 minutes later. Both earthquakes occurred on east-west striking fault planes that dip to either the north or south. The earthquakes occurred within the Eurasia plate in an intracontinental mountain belt”. There were about a half-a-dozen aftershocks following the earthquakes.

Four days later, on October 11 (Wednesday), Herat witnessed yet another shallow earthquake at around 5.10 am local time with the focus of the quake being just 9 km below the surface. It had the same intensity (6.3 magnitude) as the previous ones on October 7.

All three earthquakes have been thrust faults, otherwise known as reverse faults. Thrust faults form due to horizontal compressive stresses and so cause shortening of the crust. Here one block or wall (the hanging wall) moves up relative to the other (called the footwall).

These three quakes struck a little over a year after another shallow earthquake at 10 km depth struck near Khōst, Afghanistan on June 22, 2022 at around 1:25 am local time.

Cause of second quake

Earthquakes are generally followed by aftershocks of relatively lesser magnitude. Why was the second earthquake on October 7 that struck within 30 minutes called a fresh quake and not an aftershock? “To call a quake an aftershock, the magnitude has to be lesser than the magnitude of the main event [quake],” explains Dr. R. K. Chadha, former senior scientist at the Hyderabad-based National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) and currently a Raja Ramanna Fellow at NGRI. “A quake of 6.3 magnitude was followed by another of the same magnitude. This can happen when a fault at one place ruptures resulting in an earthquake that releases the stress. The release of stress in one fault results in the loading of stress at another fault. The loading of stress can result in another earthquake which can be of similar magnitude or even higher magnitude. But the magnitude will not be smaller than the first quake.”

In the case of the October 7 earthquakes, the two quakes occurred in the same fault. Generally, in Afghanistan, the fault can be very long and wide. “In subduction zones and in the Himalayas where there is interaction between two continental plates, the fault lengths can be very large and also very wide. That is the reason why an earthquake in the fault can trigger another in the same fault,” he says. The second earthquake occurred quite close to the first one (about 20 km distance) in the same fault.

“When I see the three earthquakes in two parallel faults, there could be an interplay of these faults,” he says. “All three earthquakes are quite close by, and if you see the locations of all the three quakes, there is a systematic migration pattern visible. In this case, there is a migration of quakes from west to east.”

Two faults

“In any thrust fault environment in a subduction zone, there will be a series of parallel thrust faults. In this case the faults are aligned in an east-west direction. The two faults on October 7 and the one on October 11 have been on two faults trending east-west,” Dr. Chadha adds. The precise location of the first quake epicentre on October 7 was 34.610 degree north and 61.924 degree east, while the October 11 earthquake was 34.557 degree north 62.045 degree east.

Earthquakes are quite common in Afghanistan due to active interactions between three tectonic plates — the Arabia, Eurasia, and India plates. According to the USGS, earthquakes in western and central Afghanistan are “primarily influenced by the northward movement of the Arabia plate relative to the Eurasia plate.”

According to USGS, beneath the Pamir-Hindu Kush Mountains of northern Afghanistan, earthquakes occur to depths as great as 200 km as a result of remnant lithospheric subduction. “Shallower crustal earthquakes in the Pamir-Hindu Mountains occur primarily along the Main Pamir Thrust and other active Quaternary faults, which accommodate much of the region’s crustal shortening. The western and eastern margins of the Main Pamir Thrust display a combination of thrust and strike-slip mechanisms,” notes USGS.

An earthquake of magnitude 6.3 struck northwestern Afghanistan on October 11, the German Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ)said.

The quake was at a depth of 10 km (6.21 miles), GFZ said.

 Two 6.3 magnitude earthquakes killed dozens of people in western Afghanistan on October 7, the country’s national disaster authority said.

Death toll from strong earthquakes that shook western Afghanistan rose to 2,000, a Taliban spokesman said.

In June 2022, a powerful earthquake struck a rugged, mountainous region of eastern Afghanistan, flattening stone and mud-brick homes. The quake was Afghanistan’s deadliest in two decades, killing at least 1,000 people and injuring about 1,500.