Science quiz: When physics steps outside its comfort zones

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This German physician described a law for the process of _________. When this process didn’t follow his law, it was called ‘anomalous’. Fill in the blank.

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Some fluids thicken instead of thinning when stirred or shaken repeatedly, taking longer to return to their original state once the movement stops. What is this rare counterpart of thixotropy, observed in substances like gypsum paste and printer’s ink, called?

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In most transparent materials, bluer light, which is of higher frequency, slows down more than red light as it passes through. But at or ‘near’ certain conditions, the opposite occurs: blue light speeds up instead and bends less. What is this optical phenomenon called?

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According to classical mechanics, particles need a certain minimum amount of potential energy to cross barriers. But quantum mechanics allows them to cross these barriers without that minimum requirement, by allowing them to pass through the barriers instead, What is this effect called?

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When certain materials are cooled below a certain critical temperature, they allow electric currents to flow endlessly, without resistance or loss of energy. What is this remarkable quantum state of matter, which comes in at least two types, called?

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In certain isolated systems, adding energy can actually lower their entropy, making them appear hotter than an infinite ‘amount’ of temperature. What is the counterintuitive name for this paradoxical thermodynamic state?