Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman speaks about the new GST reforms at an event in Kolkata.
| Photo Credit: Debasish Bhaduri

In a gesture underscoring the spirit of cooperative federalism, Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has written to Finance Ministers of all States, expressing gratitude for their support and active role in helping implement the landmark overhaul of the goods and services tax (GST) regime.

In an interview with PTI, Ms. Sitharaman said States made their view on the proposal to rejig tax rates but ultimately agreed that it was for the benefit of the common man, an argument that helped reach a unanimous decision at the GST Council meeting earlier this week.

The overhaul, which will from September 22 see rates of a wide swath of products — from butter to chocolates and shampoos to tractors and air conditioners — come down, was agreed at a meeting of the GST Council on September 3.

The panel is headed by Ms. Sitharaman and includes representatives of all States and Union Territories.

“Yesterday, I have written a letter to each Finance Minister thanking them, saying, you can have any number of intense discussion and argument, but finally, the Council rose to the occasion and gave relief to the people of India, to all people of India. And, I am grateful for that gesture. So, I wrote that letter,” she said.

She said the work at the Council was truly “remarkable”.Despite apprehensions over loss of revenue from classifying most products into categories: 5% for common use goods and 18% for everything else, and doing away with 12% and 28% slabs, the GST Council took a unanimous decision for the GST rejig.

The panel was to meet for two days starting September 3 to discuss the proposal made by the Centre but ended up approving it on the very first day after a marathon daylong meeting.

“So the sense of the house was, this is a proposal which is going to undoubtedly benefit the common man. There is no point in standing against it… Ultimately everybody came together for a good cause, and I’m truly very grateful,” Ms. Sitharaman said.

The Minister said States were always in favour of rate reduction and their only concern was with regard to their revenue implications post-tax cuts.

“I even appealed to them, saying, for the sake of the people of India, Please. It’s not just the States. It’s even the Centre that is going to get affected by the reduction. But we’ll make up for it because once the rates come down, people are going to come out to buy, and that will take care of it [revenue impact]. That’s how consensus was arrived at,” she said.

Ms. Sitharaman, speaking at a press conference following the GST Council meeting, had expressed her gratitude to the States for their cooperation and collaborative efforts in implementing one of India’s most significant tax reforms.

On Saturday (September 6, 2025), she noted that the Council had given a patient hearing to every comment and suggestion put forward by its members.

“All points were thoroughly deliberated before arriving at a consensus,” she said.

She also highlighted the inclusive nature of the discussions, adding that several Ministers who wished to speak again after their initial points had already been debated were given the opportunity to do so.

“Their additional inputs were heard and taken into account,” the Finance Minister emphasised. She also credited States for their constructive participation in the GST Council and their commitment to driving tax reform.

Published – September 06, 2025 04:03 pm IST

Middle-class families in the city have voiced their dissatisfaction with the updated income tax slabs in Union Budget 2024-25, presented by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on July 23.

“The price of commodities has tripled over the last few decades, but the tax slabs have barely changed. It’s unfair for individuals earning ₹3 lakh per annum to pay 5% of their income in taxes. The 30% tax rate currently for those earning ₹15 lakh and above should apply to those earning above ₹30 lakh,” said M. Narender, an IT employee from Hyderabad.

Mohd Abdullah, an assistant manager at a private bank, remarked, “People earning ₹3 lakh to ₹7 lakh per year are usually recent college graduates, while those earning ₹7 lakh to ₹10 lakh per year are typically middle-aged individuals with families to support. These groups, often considered middle-class, already pay significant indirect taxes. How is it fair for them to pay 5% and 10% of their incomes in direct taxes?”

Conversely, Mr. Sudhir, a senior doctor at a private hospital, remarked that most specialist doctors earn more than ₹15 lakh annually and fall into the 30% tax bracket. “I believe this rate is justified. Whether a doctor or any other high-earning professional, anyone making above ₹1.25 lakh a month should not resent paying this amount in taxes.”, he said.

In contrast, the reduction of capital gains tax on real estate properties from 20% to 12.5% has been well received by the real estate sector in Hyderabad. V. Rajashekhar Reddy, President of CREDAI Hyderabad, stated, “The budget aligns with the Telangana government’s efforts, creating a synergistic effect that strengthens the real estate market in the State.”

B. Jagannath Rao, General Secretary of CREDAI Hyderabad, added, “The reduction of capital gains tax is a significant change anticipated to positively impact Hyderabad’s real estate market. Additionally, the budget’s focus on capital investment for economic growth at the Orvakal node on the Hyderabad-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor will benefit the region and aligns with the revival of the ITIR policy pursued by the State government.”

Y. R. Nagaraja, Managing Director of Ramky Infrastructure Limited, praised the budget, saying, “We applaud schemes like PM Awas Yojana, which address housing needs in both urban and rural areas. The government’s commendable allocation of ₹2.66 lakh crore for rural development will facilitate the provision of essential infrastructure.”

A major announcement was the implementation of Digital Public Infrastructure for Agriculture, and digital crop survey of kharif crops in 400 districts. File
| Photo Credit: The Hindu

Maintaining that enhancing productivity and resilience in agriculture is her priority, Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman allocated ₹1.52 lakh crore for farming and allied sectors in the first Budget of the third Narendra Modi government on Tuesday. However, fertilizer and food subsidies were decreased, inviting flak from farmer organisations.

Ms. Sitharaman announced that the Centre will review the agriculture research set-up to bring focus on raising productivity and developing climate-resilient varieties. “New 109 high-yielding and climate-resilient varieties of 32 field and horticulture crops will be released for cultivation by farmers,” the Minister said.

She added that in the next two years, one crore farmers across the country will be initiated into natural farming supported by certification and branding. Pulses and oilseeds production will be strengthened and large-scale clusters for vegetable production will be developed closer to major consumption centres.

“We will promote Farmer-Producer Organisations (FPOs), cooperatives, and start-ups for vegetable supply chains, including for collection, storage, and marketing,” Ms. Sitharaman said.

Another major announcement was the implementation of Digital Public Infrastructure for Agriculture, and digital crop survey of kharif crops in 400 districts. The Centre will also provide financial support for setting up a network of Nucleus Breeding Centres for shrimp broodstocks through NABARD.

‘For welfare of the poor’

Union Minister of Agriculture Shivraj Singh Chouhan said the Budget is for the development of the country and welfare of the poor. The total allocation for the Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare is ₹1,22,528.77 crore. In the last financial year’s (2023-24) Revised Estimates, the amount was ₹1,16,788.96 crore. This included an allocation of ₹500 crore for Namo Drone Didi Scheme.

The bulk of the allocation is for the PM Kisan Nidhi. For the Department of Agricultural Research and Education, ₹9,941.09 crore has been allocated. In the revised Budget of last fiscal, it was ₹9,876.60 crore. The total allocation for the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying is ₹7,137.68 crore. In the last Revised Estimates, it was ₹5,614.93 crore.

Concern over cut

The allocation for the Fertilizers Department is ₹1,64,150.81 crore. In the Revised Estimates in 2023-24, the amount was ₹1,88,947.29 and the actual expenditure incurred in 2022-23 was ₹2,51,369.18 crore.

Farmer organisations expressed concern over this cut and pointed out the “huge decline” by about 34.7% in allocation for fertilizers. Compared with the 2022-23 actuals, it amounts to a decrease of ₹87,238 crore, they said. “This will have a deleterious impact on agricultural productivity,” said Samyukt Kisan Morcha leader Ashok Dhawale.

The Department of Food and Public Distribution also saw a decrease in its allocation at ₹2,13,019.75 crore. In the last Revised Estimates, the amount was ₹2,21,924.64 crore and the actual expenditure in 2022-23 was ₹2,83744.53 crore. To control the rising prices of essential commodities, the Budget has allocated ₹10,000 crore to the Price Stabilisation Fund. In the last Revised Estimates, the allocation was a mere ₹10 lakh.

Though the Budget has promised to improve the agriculture sector through cooperatives and FPOs, no allocation has been made to the Integrated Scheme on Agriculture Cooperation. In the revised Budget in 2023-24, the scheme had received ₹300 crore.

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman with Pankaj Chaudhary and full budget team during giving final touches to the Union Budget, in New Delhi, on July 22, 2024.
| Photo Credit: PTI

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will be presenting the Union Budget 2024-25 on July 23, 2024.

It will be a record seventh consecutive Budget presentation for Ms. Sitharaman.

Also read: Budget 2024 LIVE News, highlights: 23 July

Previously, Morarji Desai presented the Union Budget for six times consecutively. Interestingly, Morarji Desai presented budgets for record 10 times followed by former Finance Minister P. Chidambaram 9 times.

The former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh presented five consecutive budgets in a row between 1991 and 1995. Pranab Mukherjee also presented budgets for five times consecutively out of his 8 presentations.

The monsoon session of parliament started on July 22 with the tabling of Economic Survey 2023-24.

The Lok Sabha’s business advisory committee decided to discuss issues related to the ministries of railways, education, health, MSME, and food processing besides the Union Budget.

A total of 20 hours has been allocated for the debate on the budget.

Congress general secretary Jairam Ramesh. File
| Photo Credit: PTI

The Congress on July 12 said the forthcoming Budget must address fundamental questions such as why private investment is “very sluggish” and private consumption is not picking up as the party dismissed claims that economic growth is accelerating sharply and large numbers of jobs being created.

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman is scheduled to present the Budget for 2024-25 in the Lok Sabha on July 23.

Congress general secretary, in-charge communications, Jairam Ramesh said, “The non-biological PM’s cheerleaders and drumbeaters claim that economic growth is accelerating sharply and that jobs are being created in large numbers. But if this was the case — and it is not — Why is private investment, a key engine of economic growth, still so very sluggish recording a 20-year low during April-June 2024? Why is private consumption, another key engine of economic growth, not picking up except at the high end,” Mr. Ramesh asked.

“Why have household savings plummeted to record lows and household debt shot up to record highs? Why have rural wages continued to fall and why is the wage share of national income declining?” he said, adding, why is manufacturing as a share of GDP at a record low and still decreasing? Why has the informal sector lost 17 lakh jobs in the last seven years? Why did unemployment reach a 45-year peak, with unemployment for young graduates at 42%?” the Congress general secretary said.

“These are fundamental questions that the forthcoming Budget will have to address while the Finance Minister sings praises of the non-biological PM,” Mr. Ramesh said.

On Thursday, the BJP claimed that around 12.5 crore jobs were created in the last 10 years of the Modi government and cited the latest Reserve Bank of India report to assert the creation of “five crore jobs in 2023-24 alone”.

Several experts have urged the government to provide tax relief to the common man to boost consumption and take steps to check inflation and accelerate economic growth.

The economy has recorded a growth rate of 8.2% in 2023-24. Earlier in February, Ms. Sitharaman presented an Interim Budget for 2024-25 in view of the Lok Sabha elections.

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman addresses the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) National Conclave on ‘Viksit Bharat@2047’, in New Delhi on February 27, 2024.
| Photo Credit: ANI

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on February 27 exuded confidence that India Inc will align itself to the developmental goals of the nation with an objective of making the country a developed nation or ‘Viksit Bharat’ by 2047 on the 100th anniversary of independence.

Ms. Sitharaman said Prime Minister Narendra Modi has clearly indicated that the goal of Viksit Bharat is to be attained to provide the future generations a better India.

Addressing a session on ‘Viksit Bharat @ 2047: Viksit Bharat & industry’, organised by FICCI, the minister said that industry’s role is critical in achieving the goal by 2047.

“You were with India during the freedom struggle, you built industry and capacity despite the colonial pressure…So Indian industry has always kept that spirit up and against terrible odds kept moving along on national interest.

“I can’t see how they will be left out in this game of building a developed India by 2047. So it should be natural to India’s industry to align itself with India’s developmental interests, and after all industry will be the first contributor as much as the first beneficiary…,” the Minister said.

The Finance Miniter also assured the industry that reforms will continue in the third term of the Prime Minister Narendra Modi-led government.

The new government will be formed after the general elections due in April-May and the BJP is confident that Prime Minister Modi will return to power with a greater majority.

Ms. Sitharaman said that India has moved up to become the fifth largest economy and is on the way to become the third largest global economy.

Even after Covid, she emphasised that the government showed its commitment by ramping up capital expenditure. Indian industry can now surely move forward with a great speed globally as investments are coming in.

It is time for the Indian industry to also capitalise, the finance minister said.

She said that several reforms were undertaken by the government during the last 10 years and the trend will continue.

She said that the reforms to be undertaken by the next Modi government will touch on factors of production.

The Minister further said today, without digital infrastructure, no country can move at a pace at which it wants to achieve developmental goals for its own citizens.

India, she said, has shown how making investment in creating the digital infrastructure at the bottom, and scaling it up, led to creation of ‘India Stack’.

“…other than the traditional factors of production like land, labour, capital and the enterprise, I would put digital infrastructure as an important factor, without which we will not be able to scale up and bridge the gap with those who are still aspiring to move forward,” the Minister said.

Ms. Sitharaman also told the gathering that the government is focussing on areas like space and artificial intelligence (AI).

“We have emphasised that India should become a global hub for AI and we will set up centres of excellence for the same,” she said, adding, a great leap forward has been made in logistics.

Whether it is logistics, agriculture productivity or tourism, India has immense potential and government is committed to its policy.

“That is why the prime minister is confident that in the third term we will be the third largest economy. It’s because of the push which he likes to give in these areas, not just fiscal, but legislative and other measures as well,” the Minister said.

Renewable energy has better prospects for not just solar or wind, but the government is also looking at renewing its commitments to hydroelectric power, she said, and added that in green hydrogen and green ammonia, big investments are happening in India.

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman.
| Photo Credit: Kamal Narang

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on July 29 said the focus of the government is on four Is — infrastructure, investment, innovation and inclusiveness — to make India a developed nation by 2047.

She said India has necessary wherewithal to meet the goal set by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Besides several investor-friendly reforms undertaken by the government, she said, India has a very vibrant young population and the emphasis on skilling them to suit the requirement of the economy would yield dividend.

With the aim to build India a developed country by 2047, she said “the emphasis has been on four different issues [Is]. We are looking at infrastructure [first I] in a very big way. In the last 3 to 5 years, consistently, the public expenditure for infrastructure building has been ramped up significantly and it will reach Rs 10 lakh crore in 2023-24.” With infrastructure comes investment (second I), she said, adding that emphasis on investment will promote greater participation of both the public and private sector.

So, she said, infrastructure is not just going to be physical such as bridges, roads, ports or airports, but also creation of digital infrastructure is given importance.

“We are looking for both public investment and private investment and creating necessary environment, the ecosystem as we often refer to for attracting private investment. And the global discussions which are going on blended finance is also something which we’re looking at,” she said at an event organised by CII here.

Pointing out that innovation is the third I, she said, “the government has opened up several areas inclusive of the space, nuclear energy, looking at getting out of fossil fuels. We have enough reason to believe the youth today are giving us solutions, which are very good for the frontier technologies that we’re talking about, as much as for the legacy issues which persist in India for which we need solutions.”

On the fourth I, inclusiveness, she said, “as we aim to reach for the developed nation in 25 years by focussing on inclusiveness, making sure that every section of India, the common man, benefits by everything that we do [whether] investment or reforms are trying to take schemes to the people.”

Clean green hydrogen energy generation.
| Photo Credit: Getty Images/iStockphoto

Underlining a commitment to accelerate the Indian economy’s transition to one powered by green energy, Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in her Budget speech on Wednesday mentioned a slew of schemes aimed at promoting clean energy and sustainable living.

Green energy was among the ‘Saptarishi’ or seven guiding lights Ms. Sitharaman mentioned in her address that would steer India through ‘Amrit Kaal’ (next 25 years).

She said the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas had earmarked ₹35,000 crore for “priority capital investment”, though neither her speech nor the Budget documents provided more clarity on it.

Following up on the government’s recent announcement of giving a push to ‘green hydrogen’ and promoting renewable energy projects, the Minister said battery energy storage systems with a capacity of 4,000 megawatt hours will be “supported” with viability gap funding to encourage investment.

The Budget also waived customs duty on capital goods and machinery for lithium-ion battery manufacturing. The move is expected to make electric vehicles and storage systems cheaper.

Boost for solar projects

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has received a budgetary allocation of ₹10,222 crore, a 45% hike from the ₹7,033 crore it expects to spend in the current financial year. The most significant hikes in the Ministry’s programmes are for ‘off-grid’ solar projects, on which the government is expected to spend ₹61 crore in the current fiscal but has budgeted ₹360 crore for the coming financial year.

India had a target of installing 100 gigawatt (GW) of solar power projects by 2022 but has only installed 63 GW. Off-grid solar projects constitute less than 5% of the target. The allocation for solar power expected to be supplied to the grid has been raised to ₹4,970 crore, up from the ₹3,469 crore expected to be spent by March 2023. The National Green Hydrogen Mission – a ₹19,000-crore programme to produce, use and supply hydrogen from renewable energy sources – has been allotted ₹297 crore.

3 key measures

“For the budget allocation of ₹35,000 crore (about $4 billion) to start catalysing the nearly $30 billion in energy transition finance required annually by India for its net zero future, three types of measures will be needed: risk guarantees to reduce the cost of capital for low-carbon investments in the country; demand aggregation measures as has been done for LED lighting and electric buses; and viability gap financing for hydrogen electrolysers and offshore wind as announced for battery storage,” Ulka Kelkar, director, World Resources Institute, said in a statement.

Ms. Sitharaman also mentioned a ‘green credit’ programme to be notified under the Environment (Protection) Act. “This will incentivise environmentally sustainable and responsive actions by companies, individuals and local bodies, and help mobilise additional resources for such activities,” she said. “Building on India’s success in afforestation, the Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) will be taken up for mangrove plantation along the coastline and on salt pan lands,” she added.

An official in the Environment Ministry, who declined to be identified, told The Hindu that such a programme would be “sweeping” and involve multiple Ministries. “It’s still being finalised. However, it will involve several existing schemes that incentivise emission reductions by industries or the growing of plantations in barren land [that become stores of carbon over time].”

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The Eklavya model residential higher secondary school at Kumizi in Tamil Nadu’s Kancheepuram district. Photo: tntribalwelfare.tn.gov.in

The Union Government will hire 38,800 teachers and support staff for Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) for tribal students across the country over the next three years, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said on February 1 during her Union Budget 2023-24 speech in Lok Sabha. 

Also Read | Key Highlights from Union Budget 2023-24

Ms. Sitharaman said, “Centre will recruit 38,800 teachers and support staff for the 740 Eklavya Model Residential Schools, which is serving 3.5 lakh tribal students.”

This announcement comes months after The Hindu reported in September last year that EMRSs across the country were running with less than half the number of teachers recommended by the National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS), the managing authority of EMRSs.

Data available with the NESTS showed that even among these, more than 70% of teachers were either contractually recruited or on deputation from State government schools. 

NESTS officials had said that they were not being able to fix the teacher shortage because of the structure, under which NESTS does not have power to direct State Education Societies for Tribal Students (SESTS). 

Senior officials in the Ministry of Tribal Affairs said that the Department of Expenditure had already approved a change in the structure, enabling NESTS to take control of all recruitments. The Ministry has already written to the Central Board of Secondary Education to begin the recruitment of teachers as soon as possible.

“This year, we will recruit at least 10,000 teachers for the EMRSs across the country,” the official said, adding that the teachers currently appointed temporarily or on contract will also be given a chance to apply for these vacant positions and will be considered provided they are qualified as per NESTS guidelines. 

Currently, only 401 of the 689 sanctioned EMRSs are functioning and catering to a total of 1.13 lakh tribal students, according to Ministry of Tribal Affairs data. Ministry officials said that they intend to make another 50 EMRSs function by the time the next academic year begins. 

Budget 2023 | What’s cheaper and what’s costlier?

NESTS officials have said that once the new management structure kicks in, the SESTSs will be scrapped providing for regional offices of the NESTS to take up the direct management of the schools on the ground.

The Ministry’s Budget for FY 2023-24 showed that nearly half of its entire allocation for the year has gone to the development and management of EMRSs — coming up to ₹5,943 crore out of the total ₹12,461.88 crore allocation for the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.

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