The Rupee depreciated 35 paise to a record low against the U.S. dollar. File
| Photo Credit: Reuters

Representative image.
| Photo Credit: Reuters

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The current bout of rupee depreciation is seen as driven primarily by the exit of foreign investors from India, which has put pressure on the rupee.
| Photo Credit: Reuters

The story so far: In the last week of December, 2024, the rupee breached the 85 mark against the U.S. dollar, touching an all-time low of 85.81. The currency depreciated about 3% in 2024, continuing its long-term trend of gradually but consistently losing value against the dollar.

What causes a currency to depreciate?

The price of any currency in the foreign exchange market is determined by the demand for the currency vis-a-vis its supply. This is similar to how the price of any other product is determined in the marketplace. When the demand for a product rises while its supply remains constant, this causes the price of the product to rise in order to ration the available supply. On the other hand, when the demand for a product drops while its supply remains constant, this causes sellers to drop the price of the product in order to attract sufficient buyers.

The only difference between the goods market and the forex market is that currencies are exchanged for other currencies rather than for goods in the foreign exchange market.

A currency depreciates against a foreign currency when the demand for it (in terms of the foreign currency) drops compared to its available supply in the market. When the currency’s value depreciates, the value of the foreign currency automatically appreciates on the other side. This is similar to how the purchasing power of your money depreciates or appreciates when the price of goods in the marketplace rise or fall, respectively.

There are various factors that determine the demand for and the supply of any currency in the foreign exchange market.

One of the most important determinants of the supply of a currency in the market is the monetary policy of a country’s central bank. A central bank adopting looser monetary policy compared with other central banks will cause the supply of its currency in the market (for both goods trade and investment purposes) to rise relative to other currencies, causing the currency’s value to drop. Central banks adopting relatively tighter monetary policy, on the other hand, are likely to see their currencies appreciate in value.

A crucial factor that determines the demand for any currency, on the other hand, is the demand among foreigners for the goods and assets of the country. Since foreigners will first have to purchase the local currency before they can purchase a country’s goods and assets, high demand for a country’s goods and assets translates to high demand for its currency and which in turn leads to a rise in the value of the currency. A fall in demand for a country’s goods or assets, on the other hand, will cause the value of its currency to fall.

What is behind the rupee’s fall?

The current bout of rupee depreciation is seen as driven primarily by the exit of foreign investors from India, which has put pressure on the rupee.

Global investors have been shuffling their investments across countries as central banks recalibrate their monetary policies to varying degrees. High inflation in the aftermath of the coronavirus pandemic led to monetary tightening by central banks which is now being reversed as inflation comes more under control. This has pushed investors to withdraw money from markets like India and invest in more advanced markets.

Meanwhile, the longer term trend of the rupee’s depreciation against the dollar is attributed to higher inflation in India than in the U.S. due to the Reserve Bank of India’s looser monetary policy compared to the U.S. Federal Reserve. India’s traditional demand for high-value imports such as crude oil and gold (which boosts demand for the dollar and weakens the rupee) to keep its economy going and its inability to boost exports (which can help boost demand for the rupee) have also contributed to the lackluster performance of the rupee. The RBI has been using its dollar reserves to prop up the value of the rupee by artificially increasing the supply of dollars in the foreign exchange market, and thus the dollar demand for rupees.

As a result, the value of India’s foreign exchange reserves dropped to an eight-month low of $640 billion as of the last week of December from over $700 billion in September.

Analysts believe the rupee’s depreciation would have been far worse if not for the RBI’s intervention to support the rupee against the dollar.

The RBI’s traditional stance has been to manage the rupee’s exchange value in such a way as to allow for a gradual depreciation in its value without too much volatility that could disrupt the economy.

Image used for representative purpose only
| Photo Credit: Reuters

The rupee fell 4 paise to all-time low of 84.76 against the U.S. dollar in early trade on Tuesday, as the strength of the American currency in the overseas market and unabated foreign portfolio outflows dented investor sentiments.

Forex traders said the depreciation in rupee was largely on the back of Donald Trump’s rhetoric on BRICs currency, political instability in the Eurozone, weaker domestic macroeconomic indicators and unabated foreign portfolio outflows.

President-elect Donald Trump on Saturday threatened a 100% tariff on the BRIC bloc of nations if they act to undermine the U.S. dollar.

Moreover, market participants are also awaiting cues from the upcoming RBI monetary policy on December 6, which will likely focus on balancing inflation and growth.

At the interbank foreign exchange, the rupee opened at 84.75 and moved in a tight range and touched all-time low of 84.76 against the greenback, registering a fall of 4 paise over its previous close.

On Monday, the rupee depreciated 12 paise to close at an all-time low of 84.72 against the U.S. dollar.

The dollar index, which gauges the greenback’s strength against a basket of six currencies, was trading higher by 0.07% at 106.51.

Brent crude, the global oil benchmark, rose by 0.18% to $71.96 per barrel in futures trade.

Meanwhile, Minister of State for Finance Pankaj Chaudhary on Monday said in Parliament that the rupee remains one of the best-performing Asian currencies despite geopolitical tensions in the Middle East and other headwinds, indicating India’s sound economic fundamentals.

One of the main reasons for the depreciation of INR has been the broad-based strength of the USD, he said.

“During CY 2024, Dollar Index has increased by about 4.8% till November 19, 2024. More recently, the Dollar Index touched 108.07 on November 22, 2024, its highest in more than a year, exerting pressure on emerging market currencies,” he said.

Further, geopolitical tensions in the Middle East and uncertainty surrounding US elections results also added to the headwinds.

The depreciation of a currency is likely to enhance export competitiveness, which in turn impacts the economy positively. On the other hand, depreciation may raise the prices of imported goods.

He further said, the RBI monitors key developments across the globe which may have an impact on USD-INR exchange rate.

On the domestic equity market front, the 30-share benchmark index Sensex was trading 192.33 points, or 0.24% higher, at 80,440.41 points. The Nifty rose 53.10 points, or 0.22%, to 24,329.15 points.

Traders said the persistent selling pressure by foreign funds added further strain on the currency. Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) were net sellers in the capital markets on Monday, as they offloaded shares worth ₹238.28 crore, according to exchange data.