Drama veterans S.Ve. Shekher and Kathadi S. Ramamurthy and theatre and television artist S. Varadarajan visit ‘Madras on Stage’, the fourth edition of The Hindu’s ‘Made of Chennai’ photo archives exhibition.
| Photo Credit: S.R. Raghunathan

If you go down the rabbit hole of how words travel from one language to another, you just have to listen to this dialect of Tamil that is Madras bashai. It is built around loanwords as Chennai is formed not just of Tamil speakers; Telugu, Urdu, Hindi, Kannada, Sanskrit, English, and Dutch have all found their way into the Madras bashai, a dialect shaped by the many communities that called Madras home.

When Tamil absorbed the Urdu word ghaliz, it became galeej in the city’s lingo. Historian V. Sriram traces its origin to the time of the Nawab of Arcot or the Golconda Sultanate’s arrival at Santhome. Just like galeej, the quintessential Madras word for money, duttu, is believed to have evolved from the Dutch’s duit, a small coin used in the colonial era. Then there is mabbu, bejar, assault, and a whole roster of words that make up the medley called Madras bashai.

“This is not something unique to our city. It is a part of every city’s evolution as multiple people come and leave their own impress,” says Mr. Sriram. And naturally, languages don’t sit still. “Machan and machi as a colloquial term would not have existed a century ago, though machan as a proper relationship did. This kind of addition will continue to happen. But what is interesting is we have this ancient Tamil word, poromboke, find acceptance in Madras bashai because it, perhaps, best sums up the situation in which it could be used,” he adds, also observing that Madras bashai will never become Chennai bashai because nobody wants to take ownership of it. Needless to say, it is the language of the city itself, where Triplicane, George Town, Royapuram, and Perambur have all contributed to its evolution.

When Kollywood’s big crossover came, the dialect travelled to Tamil-speaking audiences far and wide, with many actors, including Kamal Haasan, popularising the word gaandu through the film Pammal K. Sambandam, scripted by Crazy Mohan.

A consultant who lived in Chennai for 13 years, Saradhambal, says she was introduced to Madras bashai through actor Manorama’s dialogues in old Tamil films. “Being raised in Coimbatore, I have heard this kind of Tamil only in old films. Something like “Naastha thuntiya paapa” is so quirky. When I think of this dialect, Manorama Aachi comes to mind immediately,” she says.

Lyricists from the younger generation such as Vyasarpadi-based Rokesh took the dialect to the masses with Danga Maari from Anegan, which leans heavily into slang. Speaking of films, the dialect has found yet another cultural outlet in Gaana, a genre known far beyond Chennai. Rooted in Madras baashai, it tells the stories of working-class communities, particularly of North Chennai.

Beyond this specific dialect, the everyday slang of Chennai’s colleges has a life of its own, with every generation having their own little linguistic starter pack. A generation before millennials had their kadi, enthu cutlet, chappa matter, and peter. Then came the millennials, who grew up during the transition from analogue to digital worlds, bringing lol, cool beans, yolo, and dude into everyday conversation, influenced by pop culture and internet spaces. With Gen Z, much of their slang is influenced by the urban English-speaking internet. Delusion became delulu, suspicious became sus, and there is brainrot, rizz, yapping, to name just a few. What sounded effortlessly cool to millennials can sound ancient to Gen alpha.

For 21-year-old graduates Raghav and Sukesh, slang is also a kind of a code, a way of making sure the people in the room are in on the joke. “We use words like ‘fanum tax’, which is about how we are entitled to take a little bit of our friend’s food. They are now part of our everyday vocab,” they say.

However, Gen alpha has a different rulebook that is likely to leave everyone else scratching their heads. Nine-year-old Prakrithi S. says she knows some Gen Z lingo but uses only words picked up from the online communities of her generation. At school, skibidi, gyatt, and even digits like 6-7 have become part of the vocabulary. “When our teacher asked us to read the sixth and seventh sloka at school, some of us were secretly moving our hands up and down, indicating the digits. It is just about a meme online that doesn’t mean anything, but it makes us happy, like an inside joke,” she shares.

Nekhaa N., a linguistics Master’s graduate from the University of Manchester, explains how the slang, though short-lived, keeps evolving. “The perception of language changes as generation changes, and that changes the way we use words,” she says, adding that slang comes from what we are surrounded by and is a product of exposure. Perhaps this is where the parallel lies. Just as Tamil absorbed words from the many languages it encountered and made them its own in Madras bashai, today’s youth pick up slang from the unhinged, overwhelming digital spaces they inhabit.

Published – August 27, 2026 11:37 pm IST

A community leader says encroachments, pollution, and lack of desilting of rivers have made them mere sewage carriers and garbage bins.
| Photo Credit: B. JOTHI RAMALINGAM

Decades ago, Madras was a city that believed about 9 p.m. was bedtime. After sunset, shutters came down, streets emptied, and roads fell into almost complete silence, with barely a vehicle in sight.

Chennai’s two prominent railway stations, Central and Egmore, were among the few places that remained active at night largely because of the steady flow of passengers.

The city began changing in the 1980s, when pubs slowly emerged, followed by the Information Technology (IT) and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) boom and a growing night-shift workforce in the late 90s. Slowly, the night became an economy of its own, acquiring the character of sleepless cities across the world. Tea shops stayed open, eateries followed tech corridors, and businesses discovered a new customer as work hours changed — the night owl. The Madras that once went to bed early, forgot how to sleep after it became Chennai.

“In the 80s and 90s, nightlife saw more activity than the city was used to, with a few hotels having discos. A few of us who hung out together, resorted to disco hopping [a precursor to the pub hopping of today]. The Adyar Park Hotel had the vibrant Gatsby, a disco-cum-nightclub. Similar to this was Pasha at The Park. Suffice to say, the discos were always packed with youth of those days showing off their John Travolta moves,” said Nikhil Raghavan, a resident of Shenoy Nagar who writes about nightlife in the city.

“Much later, HFO (Hell Freezes Over) at Hotel Aruna on Sterling Road became a hot night spot. I visited this place so many times and remember running into Kamal Haasan who was shooting some film scenes,” he recalled. “After a late-night film or a disco, it was mandatory to head to Buharis on Mount Road, which was open till beyond midnight. Tasty mutton samosas or bread butter jam with hot tea was the best way to stay awake at that time,” he added.

Hotels such as the Taj Connemara played an important role in the social fabric of upper-class Madras, offering some of the few spaces where people could meet and unwind beyond the routines of the day. “While it may not have had a “nightlife” culture in the way Chennai understands the term today, the bar was certainly a lively social spot for its time, with evenings extending into the night depending on the prevailing regulations and social norms,” said Shilpa Rameja, General Manager, Taj Connemara.

The late 1990s marked a turning point in Chennai’s night life, as IT firms spread across the city. The Old Mahabalipuram Road and places near Tidel Park saw new buildings crop up. Construction work continued through the night. Initially, the familiar chai wallahs on bicycles would pedal through the night, delivering tea and coffee to those working late. Soon, small eateries mushroomed around IT corridors, followed by hotels and 24/7 cafeterias within IT parks. “Those days, IT and BPO companies offered Sodexo vouchers, which were accepted at eateries across the city. This gave techies the freedom to spend during night hours. Then, in the early 2000’s, many IT firms opened gyms where employees could work out at night,” said S. Sooriya, who has been a techie for three decades now.

In the early 2000s, when migration to the city grew, its beaches began coming alive after sunset. While the Marina drew thousands of families, Besant Nagar Beach became a popular haunt for couples and youngsters. Youngsters began the nights with a walk on the beach. Turtle walkers gather at Neelankarai Beach late at night and walk along the shore until dawn, often spotting Olive Ridleys swimming ashore to lay eggs. The eggs are carefully collected and taken to hatcheries. People visited them even in the 80s and 90s, but commuting was a challenge then. “From the 2000s, as more households began owning vehicles, traveling became easier,” said Mahalakshmi Ramalingam, a long-time resident.

From the late 2000s, food became one of the biggest drivers of Chennai’s late-night culture. Food streets and night-time eateries mushroomed and biryani became the most sought-after food post-sunset. The city today has several biryani brands that sell only at nights, with thousands queuing up to grab a plate. One can get a plate of biriyani even at 3 a.m. now.

Anna Nagar, once primarily residential, now sees crowds and activity well into the night. P. Kruthivas, president-elect, CREDAI Chennai and Managing Director, Pushkar Properties, attributed its growing popularity to improved Metro connectivity. “Every suburb has become a micro-market because of last-mile connectivity.” The Kora Food Street in Anna Nagar draws over 5,000 visitors a day, with footfall surging by 20% to 30% over the weekends.

Another night hot spot is Uptown, Kathipara Urban Square, which attracts more than 10,000 visitors every day and over 30,000 visitors during weekends. Charan Boya, Executive Director at BNR Estates, which operates Kathipara Urban Square, said: “Chennai has had a reputation as an ‘early city’ compared to Bangalore or Mumbai, and I think that’s changing… not because people suddenly want a club scene, but because there is finally the infrastructure to make staying out past 11 p.m. feel normal and safe: lighting, parking, security, and Metro connectivity.”

“What’s growing here is a food and family-oriented night culture rather than an alcohol-led one, and I’d frame that as a genuine strength for the city rather than something to measure against other metros. Our focus is on building a night economy around good food, safe public space, and somewhere for shift workers, students, and families to be after dark,” he added.

The Anna Salai stretch has a different nightlife story with older restaurants such as Buhari and Mount Road Bilal, along with a range of newer, smaller eateries and joints, keeping the city’s appetite alive with all kinds of cuisines. Customers even travel 10 km to 15 km to have a bite.

From OMR and Ambattur to ECR and K.K. Nagar, Chennai’s nights are creating a new economy along the way. Late-night hot spots are opening up employment opportunities for youngsters, with students and women turning pushcarts, cars, and pop-up stalls into tiny businesses, selling everything from homemade products and artwork to jewellery. Anna Nagar alone has more than 200 such roadside setups, often operating from nothing more than a small table.

Entrepreneurs and established enterprises too, rush in to serve the night-time crowds. Sports businesses are extending their hours, with late-night turfs, pickleball, and padel courts keeping the city active even after 10 p.m. Even gyms are joining the movement, keeping their doors open the entire night.

Meanwhile, the police are stepping up their presence after dark, deploying additional personnel, and keeping a closer watch to ensure that the city stays safe as it stays awake. Chennai has discovered the night and has no plans to sleep in future.

Tamil Nadu Chief Minister C. Joseph Vijay. File
| Photo Credit: X/@CMOTamilnadu

The Hindu’s history and legacy are as rich as those of Chennai, said Minister for School Education, Tamil Development, and Information and Publicity Rajmohan here on Friday (August 14, 2026).

While inaugurating The Hindu’s Made of Chennai Archival Photo Exhibit, ‘Madras on Stage’, at the publication’s office on Anna Salai, he said that The Hindu was a household name in Chennai.

Reminiscing about his college days, the Minister said he would never miss an opportunity to participate in cultural programmes, as well as oratory and elocution competitions. He recollected participating in a radio audition. Although he was selected, Mr. Rajmohan said he was very nervous. “My first boss [at the radio channel] was my biggest teacher, Mr. Navaneeth [L.V. Navaneeth, CEO, The Hindu Group],” he said.

Mr. Rajmohan said he would not have stepped into the media world had it not been for Mr. Navaneeth and added that he had learnt a lot from him. “Mr. Navaneeth created an inclusive work environment, which he learnt here [The Hindu],” the Minister said.

Movement of culture

Thirupurasundari Sevvel, historian and curator of ‘Madras on Stage’, said The Hindu Archives is a huge repository. “Every year, we try to bring some attention to these rare images, articles, and photographs. What we really found interesting was the way culture moved to the city. It happened on the streets, neighbourhoods, and community spaces where people came together to create, experience, and share something,” she said.

“Over the years, artists and performers from different countries came to the city. They brought with them different sounds, ideas, and experiences, and they also became our own cultural story,” Ms. Sevvel said.

“We wanted to bring some of those moments to the foreground. And as we reach the end of the exhibition, there is a small glimpse of cinema because we can neither take cinema out of Chennai nor Chennai out of cinema. Because when we think of Madras, the Chennai Central [railway] station comes to mind. It is simply because that is how pop culture showed it to us,” she said, adding that the exhibition raises the possibility for Chennaiites to explore more, understand, ask questions about their city.

Santhosh V., vice president, Casagrand, and Anand, regional manager, Chennai, AU Small Finance Bank, Chennai, spoke at the event.

N. Murali, Chairman, The Hindu Group Publishing Private Limited (THGPPL), Ramesh Rangarajan, Chairman of Kasturi and Sons Ltd., N. Ram, Director, THGPPL, Nirmala Lakshman, Director, THGPPL, Rohit Ramesh, Director, THGPPL, Suresh Nambath, Editor, The Hindu, and Mr. Navaneeth were among those present at the event.

Casagrand presents The Hindu Made of Chennai. It is co-powered by AU Small Finance Bank. Associate Partners: Andhra Pradesh Tourism, Joy Alukkas, Orchid The International School, Union Bank of India, LIC; Education Partner: Hindustan Group of Institutions; Mobility Partner: Toyota; Energy Partner: IndianOil; Good Food Partner: Akshaykalpa Organic; Protein Partner: Licious; Overseas Education Partner: StudyIn; Curation Partner: Nam Veedu, Nam Oor, Nam Kadhai; Food Partner: Murugan Idli; ⁠Radio Partner: Big FM.

Published – August 14, 2026 04:41 pm IST