PBC is worried about unwinding of speculative short yuan positions
| Photo Credit: REUTERS

Having spent all year putting a floor under the tumbling yuan, China’s central bank is suddenly faced with the opposite problem and is turning to subtle ways to stop the currency from appreciating sharply.

The usually restrained yuan has strengthened 1.3% against the dollar in August, recouping nearly all its losses in the first half of the year. On Friday, it looked set for its fifth straight weekly gain, the longest winning streak in more than three years.

While none of the underlying drivers at home — a weak economy and capital flight has changed, the yuan has been helped by growing bets for Federal Reserve interest-rate cuts, which are weakening the dollar, and by a rally in the Japanese yen.

Meanwhile, Chinese authorities have worked behind the scenes to ensure the currency doesn’t spike abruptly, which could roil fragile domestic financial markets and hurt exporters. They surveyed the market to gauge the pressure, and quietly relaxed restrictions on gold imports and trading positions in the yuan for some banks.

‘Wary of volatility’

“The government is less concerned about depreciation but remains wary of FX volatility,” said Gary Ng, senior economist for Asia Pacific at Natixis.

“While the pressure on the yuan may ease as the Fed may finally cut interest rates, there may be sudden and significant movements in capital flows.”

One reason for the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) to be worried is the build-up of speculative short yuan positions during the currency’s steady decline since early 2023, which could be unwound messily if the currency rises fast.

Foreign firms operating in China, domestic exporters and investors have swapped yuan for dollars to earn better returns in what is known in the markets as yuan carry trade.

Analysts at the Macquarie Group estimate exporters and multinational companies have accumulated foreign currency holdings of more than $500 billion since 2022.

“As the yuan appreciates… concerns about the potential unwinding of yuan carry trade and shocks to financial markets may arise,” said Zhu Chaoping, global market strategist at J.P. Morgan Asset Management.

China’s currency regulator, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), and the PBOC have not yet responded to Reuters requests for comment.

Prevent stampede

Possibly to get an idea of pent-up yuan buying that could come as the currency appreciates, SAFE surveyed banks about their clients’ FX conversion ratio — the proportion of revenues exporters convert into yuan — last week, two people told Reuters.

“FX settlement is the issue that everyone in the market is mostly concerned about, besides the Fed rate cut,” said Liu Yang, general manager of the financial market business department at minerals exporter Zheshang Development Group.

“After all, exports are the only major driver of China’s economy among its traditional ‘troika’ (traditional growth engines), and regulators do not want the yuan to appreciate rapidly and substantially weaken the competitiveness of export products.”

Also, guidance given to banks last year banning them from keeping short yuan positions at the end of a day’s trading has been relaxed for some banks, two people told Reuters.

Chinese banks have also been given new gold import quotas by the central bank. Gold imports are usually curtailed when the yuan faces depreciation pressures. The steps are subtle, analysts said, and together with the trend in the PBOC’s daily benchmark guidance setting for the yuan, simply point to a desire to contain volatility, rather than thwart gains.

Holograms, which show different images and colours depending on the angle at which they are viewed, are seen on the new Japanese 5,000 yen banknote as the new note is displayed at a currency museum of the Bank of Japan, on the day the new notes of 10,000 yen, 5,000 yen and 1,000 yen went into circulation, in Tokyo, Japan.
| Photo Credit: Reuters

Japan issued its first new banknotes in two decades, yen packed with 3D hologram technology to fight counterfeiting.

Prime Minister Fumio Kishida praised as historic the state-of-the-art anti-counterfeit traits of the new 10,000 yen, 5,000 yen and 1,000 yen bills.

“I hope the people will like the new bills, and they will help energize the Japanese economy,” he told reporters at the Bank of Japan.

While the new bills were released with fanfare, currency already in use will remain valid. In fact, people will still need older bills to use most vending machines and to pay bus fares, local media reported.

Mr. Kishida noted the people featured on the bills celebrate Japanese capitalism, women’s equality and scientific innovation.

The 10,000 yen bill, worth about $62 at the current exchange rate, has the face of Eiichi Shibusawa, known as “the father of Japanese capitalism,” a key figure in building Japan’s modern economy. He is credited with founding hundreds of companies.

The 5,000 yen bill, worth about $30, features Umeko Tsuda, a pioneer feminist and educator who founded a college. The 1,000 yen note, worth about $6.20, portrays physician and bacteriologist Shibasaburo Kitasato, who was instrumental in the research of tetanus and the bubonic plague.

The backs of each of the bills feature Tokyo Station, wisteria flowers and ukiyo-e artist Katsushika Hokusai’s Mount Fuji, respectively.

The new bills also feature larger printing so they’re easier to read, especially for the nation’s aging population.

By the end of March next year, nearly 7.5 billion new banknotes will have been printed, according to the government. The amount of money in the new bills going out in a single day is estimated at 1.6 trillion yen ($10 billion).

It may take some time for ordinary people to get hold of the new bills. They first are going to banks and other financial organizations. Then, they’ll be distributed to automatic teller machines and stores, according to the Bank of Japan.

A majority of transactions in Japan still are done in cash and cashless payments have been slower to catch on than in many other countries.

“Although the world is moving toward cashless interactions, we believe cash remains important as a way for safely settling payments anywhere and anytime,” said Bank of Japan Governor Kazuo Ueda.