Wildfires and heatwaves, which generate microscopic airborne pollutants, risk undermining international efforts to improve air quality, protect human health and safeguard nature, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) said on Monday (September 7, 2026).

The United Nations’ weather and climate agency underlined the links between air pollution and climate change, which scientists say is leading to more frequent and more intense heatwaves and wildfires.

“Extreme wildfires are increasing, leading to big health consequences because of the high toxicity of smoke,” the WMO said in a statement accompanying its latest annual Air Quality and Climate Bulletin.

“Whilst regulations in Europe and North America have reduced industrial and transport PM2.5 emissions, exposure to fire-related PM2.5 has increased.” the statement added.

Particulate matter PM2.5 is composed of microscopic particles and droplets of less than 2.5 micrometres in diameter, which is a health hazard because it can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream.

It is emitted by fossil fuel-driven industrial activities, farming, domestic heating and transport, as well as by wildfires and dust storms.

The report said the world needs to better monitor air pollutants such as aerosol, including black carbon and microplastics, fine particles and ground-level ozone.

These pollutants “are not sufficiently monitored even though they are widespread and are potentially harmful to ecosystems”, the WMO said. “(We need) complementary and coordinated policies on air quality and climate because they cannot be dealt with in isolation.”

Toxic wildfire smoke

“Air quality and climate change can’t be dealt with separately. If one worsens, the other does too,” Lorenzo Labrador, from the WMO’s Global Atmosphere Watch network of scientists, told AFP.

Also read: Warning on warming: On the UNEP report, Limiting Overshoot

“In places where there are relatively powerful forest fires, we find a lot of fine particle pollution,” he said.

“Microparticles generated by burning vegetation are much more toxic than those emitted by other sources, even car exhaust,” he stressed.

“They damage the health of people and wildlife living far from the fire itself because they are carried by the wind, but their poisonous effect is not sufficiently taken into account in air quality assessments,” Labrador said.

“Conventional risk models based on total PM2.5 concentrations may underestimate wildfire-attributable mortality by up to 93%,” the WMO said.

One study cited in the WMO Bulletin says extreme fire-smoke events have tripled globally since the 1990s, contributing to nearly 100,000 additional deaths per year between 2010 and 2018, although this may be an underestimate.

Ozone, microplastics

Another source of air pollution that carries major health risks is ground-level ozone, which accumulates when temperatures rise, atmospheric conditions stagnate and solar radiation is intense, as seen during recent heatwaves in China, Europe and the southeastern United States.

“This increased exposure to ozone pollution has the potential to lead to tens of thousands of additional premature deaths,” particularly due to respiratory diseases, the WMO warned.

Another growing concern is aerosol particles, which can also travel to oceans and continents far from their source.

They can alter the way the atmosphere reflects sunlight, change the chemical properties of land and water, and pollute otherwise clean environments.

“One example is the deposition of black carbon, or soot, on snow and ice, which reduces the amount of sunlight reflected by these surfaces and in turn can hasten the melting process,” the WMO explained.

Another example is microplastics, formed when plastics break down because of sunlight or other factors, and found virtually everywhere, in the air, the soil and the oceans.

One simulation in the WMO Bulletin estimates there are “51 million tonnes for land and 22 million tonnes for the ocean, which are in turn a source of microplastics for the atmosphere”.

“As plastic production and, critically, mismanaged plastic waste continues to increase, monitoring the airborne paths that carry microplastics from their source and dump them in remote environments will be crucial”, the report said.

Published – September 07, 2026 10:36 am IST

A curious dome hovering over Western Europe has thrown life out of gear across the region. From droughts to drownings, a severe heatwave driven by this increasingly frequent phenomenon has enveloped a dozen countries in its searing embrace. Here’s a look at what it means, how it came about and what’s on the cards in the coming days.

The story so far

In its second major heatwave in two months, Europe has been recording a steep increase in temperatures since mid-June. A code red (the highest-level warning) heat alert has been issued in parts of the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Italy. Code orange and other regional heat warnings are in effect across parts of Germany, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Portugal, Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Greece.

In desperate attempts to tackle this unprecedented crisis, countries have issued emergency safety protocols, imposed workplace restrictions, closed schools, and reduced working and studying hours. France has ordered public parks and gardens to stay open around the clock, opened canals and even fountains for public swimming. In parts of the U.K., water-spraying mist cannons and temporary splash pads have been set up in public places. Many tourist destinations, including the Louvre and the Eiffel Tower, have reduced visiting hours. Some cinema theatres in Switzerland opened doors for the public to relax in their air-conditioned spaces.

Deaths and disruptions

Despite all this, over 60 heatwave-related deaths have been reported across the continent.

About 40 people, mostly youngsters, drowned since June 18, announced French Prime Minister Sebastien Lecornu on Tuesday. For respite from the soaring mercury, they had been swimming in unsupervised areas, he said. As per Reuters, three senior citizens died from heat-related causes near Bordeaux, while two children, aged two and four, were found dead inside a sizzling car. In Spain, a 90-year-old woman and a 68-year-old man reportedly died of heatstroke. Several others have been hospitalised over heat related ailments.

The blistering spell has left few aspects of public life untouched. Amid wildfire risks and tropical nights, experts also warn of possible drought conditions.

On Wednesday (June 24), a heat-related transformer failure triggered a major power outage in France, leaving about 68,000 households without electricity.

Last week, authorities restricted alcohol consumption at events associated with the country’s annual music festival in areas under red heatwave alert.

Amid several other programmes, the Paris Fashion Week schedule was altered, outdoor sporting events in the Netherlands were cancelled or modified, and Florence’s Uffizi Galleries temporarily halted ticket sales after an air-conditioning failure.

Record-breaking temperatures

As per Météo-France, France recorded its hottest days since 1947 on Tuesday and Wednesday with a nationwide thermal indicator average of around 29.9°C.

In France and Spain, temperatures have tiptoed between 43°C and 44°C. Slightly above 36°C in the United Kingdom; 39°C to 41°C in Italy; and 35°C to 38°C in Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands.

Spain’s weather agency, AEMET, also recorded the country’s highest daily average temperatures in June since 1950 on Monday (28.08°C) and Tuesday (28.17°C).

Why is this happening?

“This extreme heatwave has been caused by a ‘heat dome effect’ that occurs when a high-pressure system traps hot air in the upper atmosphere,” says Krishna Raj, Professor at Institute of Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru. A heat dome is a strong, persistent zone of high-pressure system in the upper atmosphere that parks over a region like a lid on a pot.

It is driven by an ‘omega block’ (a stuck, Ω-shaped wind pattern) that traps the air inside, preventing ventilation. This increases the heat under the blanket, making it sultry for those inside. The trapped heat does not let temperatures cool down even at night. Unlike a typical moving heatwave, the stagnant air inside the dome can trap pollutants, reducing air quality.

Climate change and atmospheric phenomena like La Nina or El Nino cycles, could worsen the effects.

What’s on the horizon?

In the coming days, the hot blanket is expected to envelope parts of Eastern Europe also.

Poland’s weather service has issued high-level heat warnings for the western parts of the country from Thursday to Saturday. Hungary and Croatia are also bracing up for similar conditions.

France may continue to swelter through the weekend, with temperatures forecast to hop around 40°C to 42°C (104°F-107.6°F), Météo-France said on Wednesday. Germany expects a similar suit, even as countries like Switzerland, Austria, and the Benelux region gets ready to bare the heat’s brunt into Monday.

The U.K’.s Met Office, however, hopes their situation to ease by Friday.

Climate change concerns

With Europe warming at more than twice the global average, the World Meteorological Organization has warned that the continent faces a growing risk of prolonged heat episodes.

“Weather patterns in Europe are shifting rapidly. Scientists are grappling with these sudden changes,” says Professor Raj. As human-induced climate change gathers pace, what was once an occasional anomaly is now occurring with increasing frequency. “The Global North has significantly contributed to climate change, and this heatwave should be looked at as the right time to set its record straight on low carbon emissions.”

Addressing an event during London Climate Action Week on Tuesday, U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres remarked, “London is cooking.”

He urged the world to intensify efforts to limit global warming. “A climate crisis is pushing us towards higher temperatures and closer to catastrophic tipping points, and an energy crisis is exposing the folly of a world hooked on hydrocarbons,” he said. “On the surface, these crises may seem separate, but they share the same destructive origin: fossil fuels.”

A driver sleeps inside his auto rickshaw parked in the the shade of a tree as the city continues to be gripped by a heat wave, in New Delhi, India, Tuesday, June 18, 2024. A monthslong heat wave across swathes of India has killed more than 100 people and led to over 40,000 suspected cases of heat stroke in the last three and a half months, a Health Ministry official said Thursday.
| Photo Credit: AP

Months of scorching temperatures sometimes over 50 degrees C in parts of India this year — its worst heat wave in over a decade — left hundreds dead or ill. But the official number of deaths listed in government reports barely scratches the surface of the true toll and that’s affecting future preparations for similar swelters, according to public health experts.

India now has a bit of respite from the intense heat, and a different set of extreme weather problems as monsoon rain lashes the northeast, but for months the extreme heat took a toll on large swaths of the country, particularly in northern India, where government officials reported at least 110 heat-related deaths.

Public health experts say the true number of heat-related deaths is likely in the thousands but because heat is often not listed as a reason on a death certificate many heat deaths don’t get counted in official figures. The worry, they say, is that undercounting the deaths means the heat wave problem isn’t as prioritized as it should be, and officials are missing out on ways to prepare their residents for the scorching temperatures.

All of India’s warmest years on record have been in the last decade. Studies by public health experts found that up to 1,116 people have died every year between 2008 and 2019 due to heat.

As part of his work in public health, Srinath Reddy, the founder of the Public Health Foundation of India, has advised state governments on how to factor in heat when recording deaths.

He found that as a result of “incomplete reporting, delayed reporting and misclassification of deaths,” heat-related deaths are significantly undercounted around the country. Despite national guidelines for recording deaths, many doctors — especially those in overcrowded public hospitals where resources are already strained — don’t follow it, he said.

“Most doctors just record the immediate cause of death and attribution to environmental triggers like heat are not recorded,” Reddy said. That’s because heat deaths can be classified as exertional or non-exertional: Exertional is when a person dies due to direct exposure to high temperatures and non-exertional is when young children, older people or people with pre-existing health conditions become seriously ill or sometimes die from the heat, even if indoors.

“The heatwave is the final straw for the second category of people,” said Dileep Mavalankar, former head of the Indian Institute of Public Health in Gandhinagar. “Most people dying during heat waves belong to this category but their deaths are not recorded as connected to the heat.”

Mavalankar agreed the official number of heat deaths this year is an undercount. He said there were 40,000 recorded case of heat stroke, but only 110 deaths. “This is just 0.3% of the total number of heatstroke cases recorded, but usually heat deaths should be 20 to 30% of heatstroke cases,” he said.

“We need to be counting deaths better,” Mavalankar said. “That is the only way we will know how severe the consequences of extreme heat are.”

In his former role at the Indian Institute of Public Health in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, Mavalankar was instrumental in developing India’s first-ever heat action plan for the city of Ahmedabad in 2013, three years after more than 1,300 people died there during a heat wave.

The heat plan included measures like increasing access to shaded areas for outdoor workers, converting relatively cool public buildings to temporary shelters for people without homes or access to electricity and ensuring hospitals have adequate medical supplies and staff during heat waves.

In the years that followed, Mavalankar and his team studied the impact of the heat plan by counting death tolls in subsequent hot summers. Because of a lack of data on heat deaths specifically, the team looked at deaths from all causes, which spikes during heat waves, and used the number of excess deaths to determine how many deaths were likely caused by heat.

They estimate that the heat action plan had helped reduce the number of fatalities during heat waves by up to 40%.

Having that data, while imperfect, Mavalankar said, allowed the city to adequately prepare itself for extreme heat, and do more of what worked in the future.

But he said the lack of data elsewhere makes it difficult to replicate the results in Ahmedabad on a national level.

“Not reporting these deaths, sharing data, is like the Indian Meteorological Department not sharing weather data,” he said. “We can easily do this across the country but we’ve not decided that we should do it.”

The Indian government collects data on heat-related deaths through the health ministry’s National Centre for Disease Control which is then shared with the National Disaster Management Agency. The agency then shares the data as a total nationwide figure for the year, but a state by state breakdown is not publicly available.

The National Crime Records Bureau also collects heat-related death data as part of their accounting of deaths due to “forces of nature” and publishes those figures.

But there are huge discrepancies. In 2020, the last year with publicly available data on heat deaths from both official sources, the crime records bureau recorded 530 deaths from heatstroke, but the disaster agency reported just four heat-related deaths.

The Associated Press contacted India’s health ministry spokesperson, the NCDC and the NDMA to comment on the discrepancy but did not receive a response.

Getting better data can answer a whole host of questions about who is most vulnerable and how best to help them, said Bharghav Krishna, a public health expert and a fellow at the Sustainable Futures Collaborative thinktank, “especially with respect to identifying who is dying, where they’re dying, what are they doing when they’re dying.”

Krishna thinks that the data currently collected, while inadequate, can at least provide some insight for policymakers and researchers and force at least some action if its shared with the right people.

But Malavankar said the issues of data collection are more systemic, and that needs to be urgently addressed.

“We have not done a national census since 2011, not having numbers is our national weakness,” he said.

Labourers sleep on the roadside during an early hot summer morning in Karachi, Pakistan. Pakistan port city Karachi and some other parts of the country continued to experience heatwave these days. File
| Photo Credit: AP

The world experienced an average of 26 more days of extreme heat over the last 12 months that would probably not have occurred without climate change, a report said on May 28.

Heat is the leading cause of climate-related death and the report further points to the role of global warming in increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather around the world.

For this study, scientists used the years 1991 to 2020 to determine what temperatures counted as within the top 10 per cent for each country over that period.

Next, they looked at the 12 months to May 15, 2024, to establish how many days over that period experienced temperatures within — or beyond — the previous range.

Then, using peer-reviewed methods, they examined the influence of climate change on each of these excessively hot days.

They concluded that “human-caused climate change added — on average, across all places in the world — 26 more days of extreme heat than there would have been without it”.

The report was published by the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, the World Weather Attribution scientific network and the nonprofit research organisation Climate Central.

2023 was the hottest year on record, according to the European Union’s climate monitor, Copernicus.

Already this year, extreme heatwaves have afflicted swathes of the globe from Mexico to Pakistan.

The report said that in the last 12 months, some 6.3 billion people — roughly 80% of the global population — experienced at least 31 days of what is classed as extreme heat.

In total, 76 extreme heatwaves were registered in 90 different countries on every continent except Antarctica.

Five of the most affected nations were in Latin America.

The report said that without the influence of climate change, Suriname would have recorded an estimated 24 extreme heat days instead of 182; Ecuador 10 not 180; Guyana 33 not 174, El Salvador 15 not 163; and Panama 12 not 149.

“[Extreme heat] is known to have killed tens of thousands of people over the last 12 months but the real number is likely in the hundreds of thousands or even millions,” the Red Cross said in a statement.

“Flooding and hurricanes may capture the headlines but the impacts of extreme heat are equally deadly,” said Jagan Chapagain, secretary general of the International Federation of the Red Cross.

New Delhi:

The Election Commission has asked concerned Chief Electoral Officers and state authorities to take adequate measures to manage the adverse impact of hot weather or rainfall wherever predicted in the sixth phase of Lok Sabha polls.

The poll panel has made adequate arrangements for the Phase 6 of the Lok Sabha polls to be held on Saturday.

Polling is scheduled in 58 PCs across eight states/UTs. Haryana and NCT of Delhi will head to polls in this phase. Bihar, Jharkhand, Jammu and Kashmir, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal are the other states/UTs which will continue with their polls in this phase. Polling for 42 assembly constituencies for the Odisha State Legislative Assembly will also take place simultaneously.

The poll panel said that polling stations are ready to welcome the voters with ample shade, drinking water, ramps, toilets, and other basic facilities to ensure that polling takes place in a comfortable and secure environment.

Polling parties have been dispatched along with machines and poll materials to their respective polling stations.

The Commission has called upon voters to turn out in large numbers at polling stations and vote with responsibility and pride.

“Voters of PCs in urban centres like Delhi, Gurgaon, Faridabad are specially reminded about their right and duty to vote and break the trend of urban apathy,” Election Commission said in a release.

(Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.)

Watch | Earth Day: wake-up call on climate change

In this episode, we will be discussing Earth Day, which The Hindu covered with thematic articles on April 22.

We look at multiple dimensions of climate change, beginning with the most recent Supreme Court ruling on climate change in terms of the rights of us citizens of India to have protection from the deleterious impact of climate change.

We look at heatwave projections for the entire Asia region in terms of what impact it could have on livelihoods, employment etc. We will also look at how algorithms can be used to project future droughts and floods across the region. And finally, we touch on the critical issue of water management and why it matters in the context of water-food-land nexus which together has an enormous impact on the economy.

We are joined by Jacob Koshy, the Deputy Science Editor at The Hindu.

Host: Narayan Lakshman

Guest: Jacob Koshy

Production: Richard Kujur

Concurrent occurrences of heatwaves and extreme short-term sea level rise at the same coastal locations significantly increased between 1998 and 2017 when compared to the preceding twenty years, as per a study published in the journal Communications Earth & Environment. The study also suggests that these events may be five times more likely to occur between 2025 and 2049 under a modelled high emissions scenario.

A so-called ‘concurrent heatwave and extreme sea level’ (CHWESL) event is when a heatwave and an extreme short-term sea level rise occur at the same coastal location over the same time period. This can pose a serious threat to coastal communities. Yet, there has so far been little research into the characteristics and occurrences of these events.

Shuo Wang and Mo Zhou from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, investigated CHWESL events worldwide between 1979 and 2017 and projected future events between 2025 and 2049 under a high emissions climate scenario (the IPCC’s SSP5-8.5 scenario). The authors only included events occurring in the extended summer season, spanning May to September in the Northern Hemisphere, and November to March in the Southern Hemisphere.

The authors found that approximately 88% of the world’s coastlines experienced a CHWESL event during the period 1979-2017. Approximately 39% of coastlines recorded a significant increase in the total duration of CHWESL conditions experienced over a year during the period 1998-2017 compared to during 1979-1998, with tropical regions more likely to experience a greater increase. The authors also found a significant association between heatwave intensity and the probability of a CHWESL event occurring, with a 1% increase in heatwave intensity associated with an approximately 2% increase in the probability of a CHWESL event occurring. From their projections, the authors suggest that global coastal areas could experience on average 38 days of CHWESL conditions each year between 2025 and 2049, an increase of 31 days compared to the historical period of 1989-2013.

The authors conclude that CHWESL events could pose a significant threat to coastal communities, particularly from the risks of excess heat to human health. They note that countries in tropical areas are likely to be the most severely affected, and that many of these countries are low or middle-income countries which may struggle to cope with the effects. 

As the summer season approaches, the Ministry of Health has taken proactive steps to ensure public safety amidst rising temperatures and potential heatwaves. In a recent announcement on X, formerly Twitter, the Ministry has outlined a few measures discussed during a review meeting led by Union Health Minister, Dr Mansukh Mandaviya, aimed at tackling heat-related illnesses and implementing a comprehensive action plan.

The Health Ministry wrote on X, “Union Health Minister, Dr. @mansukhmandviya, held a review meeting today with stakeholders to assess their preparedness in tackling heat-related illnesses stemming from heat waves, and to discuss the action plan for the upcoming summer season. @DrBharatippawar, MoS (Health), Dr. V K Paul, Member (Health) @NITIAayog, Shri Apurva Chandra, Secretary (Health), along with other dignitaries were also present during the meeting.”

Union Health Minister, Dr. @mansukhmandviya, held a review meeting today with stakeholders to assess their preparedness in tackling heat-related illnesses stemming from heat waves, and to discuss the action plan for the upcoming summer season.@DrBharatippawar, MoS (Health), Dr.… pic.twitter.com/BZjRNHRGpJ

— Ministry of Health (@MoHFW_INDIA) April 3, 2024

“Continuous efforts towards generating awareness for people for better management of heatwaves is necessary as effective address leads to effective management,” said Dr Mansukh Mandaviya said in the meeting. “Timely, advance and wide awareness among the people on the preventive measures will hugely support in reducing the severe impact of such heat waves,” he pointed out.

Guidelines by the Ministry of Health

Dos

Don’ts

• Avoid going out 12 pm to 4 pm

• Avoid activity in the sun

• Avoid cooking from 2 pm to 4 pm

• Don’t leave kids and pets unattended inside a vehicle

• Avoid alcohol, tea, coffee, sigh sugary drinks and fizzy drinks

• Don’t walk barefoot

This comes after earlier precautions listed by the Health Ministry to beat the heat.

Stay cool, stay safe, and beat those scorching rays with these essential tips. Remember, a little precaution goes a long way in keeping heat-related illnesses at bay.
.
.
.#BeatTheHeat#MyHealthMyRightpic.twitter.com/c8TTJEAMio

— Ministry of Health (@MoHFW_INDIA) April 3, 2024

• Monitor the health of elderly or sick people living alone on a daily basis

• Keep your home cool, use curtains, shutters or sunshades and open windows at night

• Try to remain on lower floors during the day

• Use fan and damp clothes to cool down the body