For the 725,000 Indian immigrants living in the U.S. without a visa, the third-largest group of undocumented immigrants, President Joe Biden’s recent executive order on immigration brings much-needed relief. It eases the path to employment and citizenship for Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipients, or ‘dreamers’, that is, undocumented residents who were brought to the US as children. Around 2,000 of such “dreamers” in the US are Indian, and they are now eligible to apply for employment-based visas, like the H1-B. The executive order also lifted some application requirements for undocumented spouses of US citizens. However, for the nearly 1.6 million Indian citizens residing legally in the U.S., neither Biden nor Trump have delivered meaningful reforms, though both presidential candidates have indicated support for high-skilled, employment-based immigration from India.

Dip Patel is a “documented dreamer.” Brought to the US as a child by Indian parents on H1-B visas, he faced self-deportation (voluntary departure from the country in advance of legal proceedings) at the age of 21 if he did not qualify for an employment visa. “When I was in high school, I realised that every decision and choice that I was making would impact my ability to remain in the country,” he said. “Later, I would learn that this is something that’s affecting not just me but thousands of people like me.” 

Narrow Avenues

Patel founded Improve the Dream, a youth-led grassroots organisation, to advocate for around 2 lakh “documented dreamers” in the US, most of whom are Indian-American. These are immigrants like Patel who face self-deportation because their parents did not receive a green card – for which the wait could be 134 years – before they turned 21. The H1-B lottery, the primary pathway to remaining in the states for ‘documented dreamers’, had an approval rate of 14.6% in FY2024.

“With the current lottery system, the chance of visa approval is very low, and that’s going to go down even more, since there’s going to be many more DACA recipients applying,” says Patel. “And that’s absolutely not to say that they don’t deserve that opportunity – rather that the administration must prioritise [systemic reform].” Indians were granted 74.1% of H1-B visas in 2021, which remains the primary mode of immigration from India to the US.

“Nothing good has happened in 34 years,” says Charles Foster, senior immigration advisor to George Bush and Barack Obama, and former president of the American Immigration Lawyers Association (famously portrayed in Mao’s Last Dancer). “I’ve known Biden since I supported his first presidential campaign in 1988, and his heart is in the right position. [But] Congress has not enacted major legislation on immigration since 1990.”

Immigration Still A Sticky Issue

Congresswoman Deborah Ross, member of the House India Caucus and immigration subcommittee of the Judiciary committee, is one of the staunchest advocates in the Congress immigration reform. “The good news is that we now have bipartisan, bicameral legislation to include ‘documented dreamers’ with the original dreamers…that passed the House twice. But we are not moving on immigration issues because of the political fights and the fights over the border,” she said. Patel added that “any sort of immigration bill is very, very hard right now [due to Republican opposition]”.

The pressing issue is the annual cap of H1-B issuances to 65,000 a year, and country quotas on green cards of 7%, which means that no single country can receive more than 7% of the annual employment-based green card allotment. For the 1.1 million Indians stuck in the green card backlog, this could mean a lifetime of waiting; for the thousands of Indian applicants in the H1-B lottery, it could mean deportation.

“The problem is that the right wing of the Republican Party is not willing to admit that we need more workers and more skilled workers in this country,” says Rep. Ross. “I absolutely believe voters that care about positive immigration reform are being completely overlooked. I have a growing Asian-American and Latino community in my district. Every time I talk to the Chamber of Commerce, I hear about this issue. It’s the number one issue for the hospitality and restaurant industry.”

‘I Need Staff’

Kiran Verma, one of the most celebrated Indian chefs in America, who was invited to the White House by the Obamas, says: “I have been running Kiran’s in Houston for over two decades and never has the situation been so dire with a dearth of trained manpower. I need chefs, I need wait staff, I need managers. It used to be so much easier to get them from India. Now, even the best talent can’t come because the process is so cumbersome.”

Trump, however, is even less likely than Biden to be an ally for Indian immigrants, even if they are college-educated. “He said things like this even before his last term, but his actual record shows that he made it worse for legal immigrants,” said Patel. “He walked back his claims about green cards the very next day.” Project 2025, the recently released policy playbook for a second Trump presidency, proposes to use backlog numbers to trigger the automatic suspension of application intake for large categories, among other restrictions on immigration.

The question remains whether positive immigration reform will be a decisive factor in the election, particularly at a time when support for Biden among Indian-American voters has declined by 19% since the debate. Even for Indian-Americans who support Trump, immigration remains an important issue. Jugal Malani, CEO of Unique Group Industries and president of India House Houston (and organiser of Howdy Modi in 2019), says that while he does still support Trump in 2024, “I absolutely support immigration reform: this country runs on immigrants.”

The Risk Of Losing Talent

Rep. Ross said, “I was in India less than a year ago. And what I heard was that the younger people in India, many of whom have come to my district for advanced degrees and to do amazing work, now don’t think it’s worth it. And so they’re staying in India, and India, frankly, likes that.” Indeed, there was a 38% drop in overall H1-B applications for FY2025. “We’re going to lose talent – and when we lose talent, we lose our competitiveness,” she said.

Verma agrees. “My journey would not have been fulfilled had the immigration laws been the same as today. The promise of the American dream must go on. I hope we can fix the issue with whoever comes to power this November in the White House,” he says.

(Maya Prakash is a New York Times award-winning writer, and a student at Williams College, Massachusetts and Oxford University.)

Disclaimer: These are the personal opinions of the author

It all began with a shelf. At Matamaal, a Delhi-based restaurant giving the capital a taste of Kashmiri Pandit cuisine, Hans Sadhu remembers one rack — “It used to be reserved for all our spices regularly brought over from Kashmir. It garnered a lot of attention, and diners would ask about it all the time,” says Hans, whose mother, chef Nalini Sadhu, founded and helms the restaurant.

The star of that shelf was — and continues to be — the vaer tiki masala, a dried cake of mixed spices shaped like a large doughnut. “Each family has its own slight variation of the spice mix, but the broad recipe includes mustard oil, coriander, Kashmiri chillies and whole spices. It is usually added right at the end: once a dish has been fully prepared, we break a slight pinch of spice off the cake, sprinkle it on top of the dish and cover it for a few minutes. It elevates the taste completely,” explains Hans.

Having made it to the Delhi-based kitchen of Matamaal, this vaer tiki now travels beyond Delhi to other parts of the country, as well as overseas to the US and Canada. It is one of the more popular items at Kanz & Muhul, a direct-to-customer brand launched by Hans in 2020 that ships everything from chillies to honey from Kashmir-based cultivators to the rest of the world. ““The brand was born purely out of our restaurant diners constantly asking about those spices on our shelf,” he says.

Kanz & Muhul is not alone. In recent years, the surging popularity of regional Indian fare has given way to a fervent curiosity about regional ingredients — Why does the Bihari flaxseed chutney taste distinctive? What is the use of mace — the outer covering of nutmegs popular in the Anamalais? What exactly goes into the Bengali spice mix panch phoron? Responding to this curiosity, and to the growing homesickness of regional food lovers who have relocated to other cities and countries, is a crop of young retail brands determined to educate the mainstream.

An answer to nostalgia

“Every household, including my own, has a mix of spices that is very proprietary to that community. Our target is the people who miss them.” says Pallavi Gupta, founder and CEO of Bengaluru-based Nutty Yogi that has been shipping regional flours, hand-made condiments, murabbas, spices and more across the country since 2018.

Spices form a small but steady portion of Nutty Yogi’s operations today. “We get about 500 to 1,000 spice orders a month,” says Pallavi, adding, “Most of our clients are based in metro cities.” According to her, the reason Nutty Yogi spices appeal to this clientele is simple — “Most of our recipes come from a collective group of mothers and grandmothers. When we did our research and asked them for their home recipes, most of them were happy to share. Some of them even make small batches for us to sell.”

So their Kolhapuri masalas and Bengali spice mixes are “all coarsely ground to order, in order to retain the aroma. We don’t aim for long shelf lives, and when we looked for these spice blends in retail stores, we found them ground too fine. So we decided to make up for it,” says Pallavi.

On the other hand, with Kanz & Muhul customers, Hans finds a clear pattern: “Our overseas customers stock up on a quarterly basis as far as spices go. In winters, we also see a surge in demand for our kehwa blend, saffron, walnuts and blue beans.” Most of these customers are Kashmiris based abroad, seeking familiar flavours of comfort in the harsh cold of Western nations. In India, however, Kanz & Muhul’s customer base comprises people outside the community, waking up to the magic of this cuisine for the first time.

In touch with the soil

According to Hans, the reason for his brand’s sustained success lies in his family’s strong bonds. “My father handles all the sourcing himself; he has a personal relationship with the farmers back home,” he says. It helps that, like Matamaal, Kanz & Muhul deliberately focuses on a no-frilled, homey taste: “Even in Kashmir, this was never commercial food. This was a cuisine you could only find in someone’s home.”

In faraway California, another brand has been working to bridge the gap between diaspora and homeland. From Anamalai nutmeg and mace to sillo sougri or hibiscus from the Naga Hills of Manipur, Diaspora has been working with farmers across the country to spread extremely hyperlocal produce from India and Sri Lanka overseas.

Like Kanz, Diaspora’s priority are the people of the land, but they show it in a different way. Kumud Dadlani, sourcing manager at Diaspora, says, “Our baseline, that remains constant throughout our sourcing process, is that we look for small-scale regenerative farmers who are intentionally working on soil health (what we like to think of as the future of food). We sometimes also work with the Spice Institute of India (Kozhikode) and get an understanding from them about the kind of farmers working in a region, who they work with for the institute’s projects regarding soil and seeds. Sana [Javeri Kadri, who co-founded the company in 2017 at the age of 23] spent time travelling through India meeting farmers and creating a network. Between her network and the network that I built from working with Slow Food and a hospitality company, we have another way to go about sourcing.”

Understanding regions and ground realities, collecting samples, testing for pesticide residue and engaging with farmers on a long-term basis are operational priorities her. Kumud points an example, from back when Diaspora spent years trying to find good sweet fennel. “Dharmesh, our coriander farmer based in Shedhubhar, Gujarat, had some old varieties of seeds. He asked for a years’ time to put a small plot together and cultivate them — ‘next year, you just have a taste and see if you like it. These seeds are extremely premium and potent, I think it’s what you’re looking for,’ he had said,” recalls Kumud. Though the team did not stop testing other samples during the course of the year, Dharmesh’s crop turned out to be exactly what they were looking for. This hariyali fennel is among the more popular products by the brand today.

From an initial offering of pragati turmeric in 2017, Diaspora climbed to five spices in 2019, 10 in 2020 and nearly 30 in 2021. The growth of its product range looks exponential from the outside, but for the team working behind the scenes, it is merely par for the course. “The reason we doubled our products in a given year, was because the last two had been spent in ground research for those products,” she explains.

COVID-led conversations

The pandemic, unsurprisingly, brought about a string of delays both minor and extensive. But agriculture and food supply being marked as essential by the Government helped the teams navigate.

Diaspora, particularly, saw a surge of interest during lockdowns for all the right reasons. Kumud recalls, “If you see our growth, we had the most launches in 2020-21. With people forced to be at home, we saw more engagement with cooking at home, trying to understand where food comes from, supply chains and life cycles… It wasn’t about buying and selling at that point, we were truly having conversations about food. The brand has always been about farmer wages and regenerative agriculture systems: in a way, we were given space to talk about it in 2020-21.”

It also helps that the brand actively shares recipes and cooking tips for all its niche ingredients. After all, for Indians based far from home, food is a feeling synonymous with belongingness and community.