The story so far: The New Delhi Declaration that came out of the recent BRICS Summit in the national capital resolved to increase trade between member-countries and payments in national currencies. Days before the summit, a report by the news agency Reuters quoted sources as saying that at the event, India would push to link central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) for cross-border payments across BRICS nations, despite political and technical hurdles that could limit progress. The proposal to link CBDCs would be part of the agenda for the leaders’ meeting, the sources said, though the limited adoption of digital currencies globally could complicate implementation, the report added. The proposal was, however, not part of the Declaration.

On the summit eve, Russia’s largest bank Sberbank said it saw major ‌opportunities for India-Russia bilateral trade settlements through CBDCs. At a media briefing in New Delhi, Sberbank chief executive officer Herman Gref said trade settlement in CBDCs was much ‌more efficient.

Multiple wars and U.S. weaponisation of the dollar through financial sanctions are making countries in the Global South think of bypassing the so-far universally accepted SWIFT system for inter-country payments. The attempts to do so have been patchy, but there is an increasingly felt need to have other options. Even on Thursday, the U.S. Senate empowered President Donald Trump to impose 100% tariffs on countries such as India and China that buy Russian oil or gas.

What are some of the alternatives to the Belgium-based SWIFT payment system?

Project mBridge is a group comprising the Bank of Thailand, the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates, the Digital Currency Institute of the People’s Bank of China, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, and the Saudi Central Bank.

The Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS), a Reuters report said, is backed by the People’s Bank of China. China launched the CIPS clearing and settlement services system in 2015 to internationalise yuan use. It allows global banks to clear cross-border yuan transactions directly onshore, instead of through clearing banks in offshore yuan hubs, the report said.

The System for Transfer of Financial Messages, or SPFS, was developed by Russia in 2014 to bypass Western sanctions. In 2022, Russian banks were cut off from SWIFT, and the SPFS was of help.

SEPAMA, Iran’s local interbank telecom system, has as many as 52 branches of Iranian banks and four unnamed foreign banks connect ing with 106 banks using the SPFS, the Central Bank of Iran said in 2023.

How are these systems faring?

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS), an international financial institution owned by central banks to foster international monetary and financial cooperation, exited Project mBridge on October 31, 2024, after hand-holding it since 2019, when the Hong Kong Monetary Authority and the Bank of Thailand launched the system. mBridge, a cross-bloc multi-CBDC platform with no Western bank, attained minimum viability status in 2024. It was envisaged for direct peer-to-peer CBDC settlement without going through correspondent banks. The project team developed a new blockchain — the mBridge Ledger — custom-built by central banks to serve as a specialised and flexible platform for implementation of multi-currency cross-border payments in CBDCs, the BIS website says.

The BIS’s exit came under a cloud, with media reports saying it was because mBridge could provide the basis for a BRICS initiative to circumvent sanctions on Russia. A May 2016 Forbes report said that by late 2025, mBridge was in practice “a renminbi-denominated wholesale settlement rail for trade between China and the Gulf, running outside the dollar correspondent system”.

The remnimbi’s inclusion in the basket of currencies making up the Special Drawing Right, an international reserve asset created by the International Monetary Fund, has increased the acceptance of CIPS, which currently has participants in more than 120 countries, including all BRICS members with the exception of India, said a November 2025 opinion piece in The Hindu by Biswajit Dhar, a trade economist and former Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University.

A March 19, 2026 South China Morning Post report says CIPS processed 679.8 billion yuan ($98.7 billion) of transactions on average per day in 2025, just a fraction of the $1.9 trillion of domestic and international payments Chips settles each business day. “While the CIPS has gained ground — especially among China’s trading partners in Africa and Asia — it remains far smaller in scale than established global systems, such as the U.S.-based Clearing House Interbank Payments System (Chips),” the report said. Beijing now appears to be moving towards building CIPS into a global platform compliant with multi-currency settlements and other foreign payment channels, the report quoted a study led by Ju Jiandong, a chair professor at Tsinghua University’s PBC School of Finance.

The SPFS, formed as Russian entities were banned from SWIFT, has grown at a record pace in 2023, the Russian central bank said that year, as Moscow ramped up efforts to resolve financial shortcomings wrought by sanctions over the Ukraine war. Alla Bakina, director of the central bank’s national payment system department, said 50 new entities had joined Russia’s alternative system that year, taking the total number to 440, of which more than 100 are non-residents.

The SPFS has been linked with Iran’s SEPAM, and entities in the Russian network can connect with Iranian banks.

How do India-Russia trade settlements happen now?

Russia and India, the second-largest importer of Russian oil, have built a functioning payments infrastructure using roubles and rupees, which now account for 96% of ‌bilateral trade, Ivan Nosov, head of Sberbank in India, said. “There are no problems with settlements between Russia and India. I am ready to say that this is one of the most reliable and best-established mechanisms for Russia’s payments with other countries,” he said.

According to official data, 22 Russian banks, including ⁠Sberbank, Russia’s largest lender, which was tasked with developing the payments infrastructure, and 17 Indian banks are currently servicing bilateral trade, a Reuters report said.

Published – September 19, 2026 10:59 am IST

For a bloc that has spent years fuelling speculation about challenging the dollar’s dominance, the formal position enunciated in a joint statement after the meeting of Finance Ministers and central bank Governors of BRICS nations remains more cautious than the rhetoric of some of its members.

There is no mention of a common BRICS currency or a formal call for replacement of the U.S. dollar. Instead, the document sticks to the more incremental, technocratic language the bloc has used since Rio and Kazan: interoperable payment systems, local-currency settlement and voluntary cooperation among members who “respect national priorities.”

Acknowledge efforts of the BRICS Payment Task Force (BPTF) towards exploring “pragmatic solutions for efficient cross-border payment mechanisms,” the bloc said. “We encourage the BPTF to continue discussions, building on the ongoing work, to facilitate practical solutions for cross-border payments among BRICS countries, which are fast, low-cost, more accessible, efficient, transparent, and safe.”

But statements made by Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian and Russian President Vladimir Putin on Friday (September 11, 2026) at BRICS Business Forum in New Delhi show why the issue of de-dollarisation remains central to the BRICS debate.

Keep track: BRICS Summit 2026 LIVE updates – September 12, 2026

Mr. Pezeshkian made the most direct case for moving away from the dollar. Speaking at the Forum, the Iranian president said BRICS should develop a more resilient network of trade, investment and financing and expand the use of national currencies. He argued that the international financial system’s concentration around a limited number of currencies leaves economies vulnerable to political shocks.

“One of the most important steps is to expand the use of national currencies in trade among the members. This step must be accompanied by the establishment of the necessary instruments for managing currency risks and reciprocal settlements since the current financial system is vulnerable to political shocks due to its concentration on a limited number of currencies,” he said.

Ahead of the summit, Mr. Pezeshkian also said BRICS’ financial mechanisms could allow member countries to conduct economic interactions with less dependence on the dollar. He pointed specifically to the New Development Bank and said its financial capacity should help facilitate transactions among members without reliance on the U.S. currency.

For Iran, the issue carries particular urgency. Tehran is under extensive U.S. sanctions and sees greater use of national currencies, alternative payment mechanisms and BRICS institutions as a way of reducing exposure to financial restrictions imposed through the dollar-based system.

Mr. Putin’s message at the same Forum was broader but pointed in the same direction. The Russian president said attempts were being made to restrict international trade through sanctions, secondary sanctions and other measures, and argued that BRICS should build what he described as a “new, sustainable platform for global growth.”

Russia has a particularly strong incentive to develop financial channels outside Western systems after sanctions dramatically restricted its access to parts of the dollar- and euro-based financial architecture.

“We acknowledge the work done to study the cross-border interoperability of payment and messaging channels, and the discussions on promoting trade settlements and investments using BRICS local currencies, while respecting national priorities and acknowledging that there is no one-size-fits-all approach,” the joint statement issued after meeting of BRICS finance ministers and central bank governors in Mumbai ahead of the BRICS Summit, said.

It went on to state that the grouping backs continued efforts of the New Development Bank (NDB) “to mobilise resources, expand local currency financing, strengthen project-preparation facilities, diversify funding sources, foster innovation, and support high-impact projects that contribute to inclusive and sustainable growth in member countries.”

De-dollarisation is easier said than done

De-dollarisation would mean settling more bilateral trade in national currencies; linking or improving payment and messaging systems; reducing the number of intermediaries in cross-border transactions; increasing local-currency financing by the New Development Bank; strengthening BRICS financial safety nets; developing guarantees and other instruments to mobilise private capital; and giving members alternatives when sanctions or financial restrictions disrupt conventional payment channels.

The joint statement explicitly asks the New Development Bank to expand local-currency financing and diversify its funding sources. It also supports the BRICS Multilateral Guarantees initiative, which is intended to improve project creditworthiness, lower financing costs and attract private capital into development projects.

But replacing the dollar will be difficult, if not impossible. The dollar’s position is underpinned by the depth and liquidity of US financial markets, its role in global trade and commodity pricing, and the size of dollar-denominated financial markets.

BRICS members also face their own obstacles. Their currencies are at different stages of internationalisation; many are not fully convertible, and trade between members is often heavily unbalanced.

These imbalances create a fundamental problem for local-currency trade: a country that accumulates another member’s currency needs somewhere to invest or spend those holdings. Without sufficiently deep markets, the transaction can ultimately require conversion into a third currency.

India has supported greater use of local currencies and more efficient cross-border payments. At the BRICS Business Forum on Friday, Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal called for BRICS countries to link payment systems and increase trade in local currencies, while highlighting India’s Unified Payments Interface as an example of payment infrastructure that could facilitate wider cross-border connectivity.

Published – September 12, 2026 12:58 pm IST