Rising fuel costs, discontent with the state of schools, declining public services and a housing crisis have created perfectly stormy weather for an autumn of protests in Europe.

Crowds have taken to the streets for weeks in major cities, resulting in arrests, looting, injuries, and violence across France, Italy and Albania. In Spain and Portugal, tent camps have sprung up in protests against unattainable rents and housing costs.

Young people “feel disappointed with the [social] model and experience a strong sense of uncertainty and a lack of control,” said María Silvestre, professor of sociology at the University of Deusto in Spain. “And when specific situations come together, a spark suddenly ignites that is capable of channelling that discontent and driving people into the streets.”

Cities have turned into battlefields as several top EU economies, including France, Italy and Spain, approach pivotal elections, while far-right parties have made electoral gains in Germany and could do so elsewhere. It also comes as Europe faces a critical moment in its support for Ukraine, with President Donald Trump making overtures to President Vladimir Putin even as Russia is blamed for increasingly frequent hybrid attacks in NATO countries.

Right-wing politicians have seized on the chaos. While protests in France have appeared broad-based, Mr. Trump portrayed immigrants as responsible for the destruction, writing on his Truth Social platform: “The migrants have taken over France. They must CLOSE THE BORDERS, FAST!” on Monday (October 19, 2026).

Many of the protests have been fuelled by frustrated young people. Other elements including black-clad, masked agitators have fomented violence, but French authorities and police have not blamed immigrants.

A look at what’s driving the unrest.

Students say education resources are dwindling

In France, which has a centuries-old tradition of popular protest, high schoolers have staged blockades and demonstrations for more than three weeks, demanding more resources for schools they call understaffed and dilapidated, especially in lower-income neighbourhoods.

The protests then broadened as France’s CGT labour union and other activists joined in while students paused for a fall break. The movement now includes demands over rising living costs and public services.

Despite hundreds of thousands of people marching peacefully, the weekend’s unrest led to 2,400 arrests and serious disturbances in parts of France, including looting in Paris, Marseille, Lyon and Bordeaux. In Limoges, flames engulfed the 19th-century City Hall and nearly destroyed the building. Some schools were set on fire. As students and rioters threw firebombs and law enforcement responded with tear gas, hundreds have been injured.

French President Emmanuel Macron condemned Saturday’s (October 17, 2026) violence, accusing far-left activists of trying to foment chaos by attacking buildings and police.

“Those who looted will have to pay for the damage, and those who sought to bring down the Republic will be held accountable,” Mr. Macron said Sunday (October 18, 2026) in a rare televised address.

In Spain, elementary and secondary schoolteachers began an indefinite strike in Madrid last week to demand better pay and working conditions. Discontented teachers staged similar walkouts elsewhere in Spain this year.

Unaffordable housing stymies young people

In Madrid’s central Puerta del Sol, tarpaulin tents have blanketed the square for weeks to protest rising housing costs, sparked by the eviction of Maricarmen, an 87-year-old woman who later died while hospitalized. Smaller protest camps followed in other Spanish cities.

Some things have changed since the encampment began: public pressure led the ruling Socialist government to approve affordable housing measures, but a lack of support in Parliament meant they didn’t pass, triggering a snap election announced by Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez for November. A general strike will also take place in November — the first in 14 years.

Major housing protests also have taken place in Barcelona, a focal point of Spain’s overtourism and housing challenges.

In Spain, the minimum wage is 1,221 euros ($1,370), while the average monthly rent for an 80-square-meter apartment is around 1,130 euros (about $1,270), according to an analysis by the business newspaper Expansión.

“Most of my paycheck goes to the rent. My roommate struggles to make ends meet just like I do,” said Diana Manzanares, a 20-year-old waitress at the Madrid encampment. “This is my reality and the reality of most of us living in this city.”

Similar housing protests have sprung up in Portugal’s largest cities, Lisbon and Porto.

Untenable living costs as inflation rises in Italy

“Italia in Piazza,” or Italy in the Streets, has galvanized thousands of demonstrators, voicing demands for better employment, healthcare, education, and access to housing, as well as higher wages to deal with rising costs. Inflation in Italy rose to 4.2 per cent in September, surpassing the eurozone’s 3.8%, according to government data.

The peaceful marches turned violent in three northern cities: In Turin and Bologna, and in Milan — Italy’s finance and fashion capital, where rioters clashed with police, looted stores and set property on fire.

In Milan, 271 people were arrested during two days of unrest — most of them minors, police said. Fourteen members of the security forces were reportedly injured.

And now a newly formed group calling itself the “Oct. 17 Movement” has announced what it describes as a “permanent mobilization,” calling supporters to demonstrate every Saturday at 3 p.m. in cities across Italy, starting in Milan.

Students in Albania join anti-corruption protests

In Albania, anti-government protests continued Sunday (October 18, 2026) for a sixth consecutive day in Tirana, featuring more clashes between demonstrators and police. The violence escalated after high school and university students joined the broad anti-government “Flamingo” movement calling for Socialist Prime Minister Edi Rama to resign.

Mr. Rama has condemned the protests, saying participants had been “ideologized and radicalized” by antifa, an umbrella term for loosely organised far-left militants in the United States, where President Donald Trump has designated the movement a terrorist organisation.

Ending corruption is a major demand of the Albanian civic movement — named for the natural habitat of flamingos in an area where Mr. Rama’s government agreed to allow a major luxury tourism development linked to Jared Kushner, Mr. Trump’s son-in-law. They also want protections for healthcare, education, and public pensions, according to its website.

In Serbia, university students who have led mass anti-corruption protests for nearly two years are now challenging a return by the Balkan country’s powerful populist leader Aleksandar Vucic in early parliamentary elections this month.

The former authoritarian president is eyeing a return as prime minister after the Oct. 25 vote. The youth-backed Students’ List party is believed to be running close to Vucic’s party, making the outcome uncertain and fuelling fears of possible violence.

Albanian police fired water cannon and tear gas on Sunday (October 18, 2026) as violent anti-government protests entered a sixth day and Prime Minister Edi Rama rejected demonstrators’ demands that he resign.

Violent demonstrations have rocked Tirana since Tuesday (October 13, 2026) with protesters calling for action over poor university conditions, high tuition fees and corruption.

Hundreds of protesters gathered again at noon in front of the Education Ministry chanting “Rama, resign” amid a tense standoff with police.

After police bid to disperse the crowds the protests scattered across the city centre, escalating in hours-long violent clashes.

Protesters set ablaze litter bins in the streets, smashed windows, including at the headquarters of the governing Socialist party, and set fire to a police station and the entrance of the Interior Ministry.

Chaotic clashes extended to the main boulevard and square, with demonstrators throwing rocks, Molotov cocktails and firing pyrotechnic devices, as the police responded with rubber bullets and tear gas, according to an AFP journalist.

Ambulances were seen rushing in and out of the scenes of clashes to pick up the injured.

The Ministry of Health told AFP that 16 police officers were injured — 14 of them when protesters attacked the police station.

Albert Nushi, from the police public security department, said on Sunday (October 18, 2026) evening that a police station in Tirana was attacked with Molotov cocktails and pyrotechnic devices that endangered both officers and people held in custody.

“An attack on a police station is not a protest. Violence against police officers, attacks on institutions, and actions that endanger human lives cannot be tolerated,” he said.

He urged protesters to stay away from masked individuals behind the violence and “assemble in a peaceful manner”.

According to the Ministry of Health, 28 people were injured on Sunday — 19 police officers, four protesters, four passers-by and a journalist.

Before the protest, shops and offices in the city centre secured their doors and windows with metal shutters, while city workers removed paving stones to prevent them being thrown by protesters.

In a video broadcast lasting more than an hour, Mr. Rama ruled out resigning, stating that the protests are the “work of an outside hand”.

According to Austrian federal press service Rama’s official visit to Federal Chancellor Christian Stocker scheduled for Monday, has been cancelled by the Albanian side.

Buildings on fire

Writer and activist Lura Elezi, 38, told AFP that she is protesting for “a better life, rule of law and against crime and corruption”.

“I love my country, but my government does not respect us – it defies us. Every citizen must take responsibility for their country, taking on the duty to lead, to love, and not to destroy one’s own nation”, she said.

Tirana saw its harshest violence on Saturday when protesters threw rocks, Molotov cocktails, metal objects and pyrotechnic devices at police, and torched cars and litter bins to use as barricades against advancing police.

Buildings including a court, banks and a post office were set on fire or severely damaged.

According to a Health Ministry report issued Sunday, 65 people were injured, including 37 police officers, with 12 people hospitalised during Saturday’s protests.

Since Tuesday, 272 people have been injured in the clashes, including 169 police, the Ministry said.

Albania’s close ally the United States reacted late Saturday. Its embassy in Tirana urged “restraint and calm on all sides”.

The European Commission in a written statement “condemned the use of violence in Tirana and other cities”, adding that the response to it “must remain proportionate”.

“In a candidate country firmly committed to the EU accession process… grievances should be handled through constructive dialogue and in a peaceful manner,” the statement said.

The unrest follows months of anti-government protests in the Balkan nation, initially sparked by a controversial resort development linked to U.S. President Donald Trump’s family.

Published – October 19, 2026 09:29 am IST

Police officers are confronted by protesters, during an anti-government protest by students in Tirana, Albania, on October 18, 2026.
| Photo Credit: Reuters

Protesters take part in a rally against plans for a luxury construction project linked to U.S. President Donald Trump’s son-in-law, Jared Kushner, in Tirana, Albania, on July 4, 2026.
| Photo Credit: AP